Term
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. How are current racial categories being challenged?
-_ marriage, increase imm from _ _, & _, and more people claiming _ identity
2. How might the colorline be shifting?
-_ & non_
3. What racial group may or may not gain from this shift?
_ still on bottom, Whites are looking for allies in _ & _ communities to give them "_", allowing them to become white to keep _ heiarchy in place (_ on bottom)
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Definition
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. How are current racial categories being challenged?
-Interracial marriage, increase imm from Latin America_, & Asia, and more people claiming multiracial identity
2. How might the colorline be shifting?
-Black & non Black
3. What racial group may or may not gain from this shift?
Blacks still on bottom, Whites are looking for allies in Asian & Latino communities to give them "Whiteness", allowing them to become white to keep racial heiarchy in place (Blacks on bottom) |
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Term
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. He's not making a _, he's saying this is _ way the colorline "could" shift. He also lists _ alternative outcomes:
-Residuals- not _ & not _, _ & _ waiting for white acceptance through affluence (class)
-His intention of the reading: to _ it from happening. To do something about blacks being _, we should do something to hault the progression of blacks being at _ of social heiarchy |
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Definition
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. He's not making a prediction, he's saying this is 1 way the colorline "could" shift. He also lists 2 alternative outcomes:
-Residuals- not white & not black, Asians & Latinos waiting for white acceptance through affluence (class)
-His intention of the reading: to prevent it from happening. To do something about blacks being disadvantaged, we should do something to hault the progression of blacks being at bottom of social heiarchy |
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Term
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. Part II: prejudice, discrimination & racism
-Understand difference between prejudice & discrimination (ex: _ & _)
2. Terminology
-Prejudice: to _ judge or having pre_ notions, attitudes, or negative beliefs of a _
-Discrimination- the _ of goods and services to an individual or group for arbitrary reasons such as a persons _,_ or _
-Bigot- Someone deeply _ to his/her own prejudices, distortions, etc.
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Definition
Herbert Gans' Reading #15
1. Part II: prejudice, discrimination & racism
-Understand difference between prejudice & discrimination (ex: attitudes & actions)
2. Terminology
-Prejudice: to pre judge or having preconcieved notions, attitudes, or negative beliefs of a group
-Discrimination- the denial of goods and services to an individual or group for arbitrary reasons such as a persons race, religion or nationality
-Bigot- Someone deeply committed to his/her own prejudices, distortions, etc. |
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Term
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Understanding _
2. Racism is a _ problem
3. How individuals place themselves in a racial heiarchy relative to _ _
4. Should be understood and studied as a _ process through which a sense of _ position is formed
4. Is a challenge to the dominant groups _ & _ |
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Definition
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Understanding racism
2. Racism is a group problem
3. How individuals place themselves in a racial heiarchy relative to other groups
4. Should be understood and studied as a collective process through which a sense of group position is formed
4. Is a challenge to the dominant groups position & advantages |
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Term
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Race prejudice & group relations
-Is a _ device, protecting group _
-Functions to preserve _ & _ of groups in the racial heiarchy
-The focus of racism is NOT in the area of _ feeling, but in the definition of the _ positions of racial groups
-Group formations and relations are _ and _ products
-It is the _ group that comes to define the _ groups and their relations w/ such groups |
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Definition
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Race prejudice & group relations
-Is a protective device, protecting group privelage
-Functions to preserve integrity & position of groups in the racial heiarchy
-The focus of racism is NOT in the area of individual feeling, but in the definition of the respective positions of racial groups
-Group formations and relations are historical and political products
-It is the dominant group that comes to define the subordinate groups and their relations w/ such groups |
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Term
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Defining racial groups
-Definitions occur through _ & _ among dominate group. (ex: stories, tales ancedotes, etc.)
-The definition and understanding of subordinate groups are all _ (ex: collective image of subordinate groups or an abstract image of the group)
-_ play key role in formation of defining and thus groups relations |
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Definition
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. Defining racial groups
-Definitions occur through communication & interaction among dominate group. (ex: stories, tales ancedotes, etc.)
-The definition and understanding of subordinate groups are all encompasing (ex: collective image of subordinate groups or an abstract image of the group)
-Intellectuals play key role in formation of defining and thus groups relations |
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Term
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. 4 types of feelings that H. Blumer believes are present in dominant group racism:
-Sup_
-Subordinate group is intrinsically _
-Claim to certain _ & _
-Fear or suspicion that subordinate group is _ or will _ dominant groups position |
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Definition
Herbert Blumers "Race prejudice as a sense of group position" Reading 16
1. 4 types of feelings that H. Blumer believes are present in dominant group racism:
-Superiority
-Subordinate group is intrinsically different
-Claim to certain privelages & advantages
-Fear or suspicion that subordinate group is threatening or will threaten dominant groups position |
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Term
Video episode III
-_ differences are given social meaning
-_ differences don't make race, it's the _ & _ we apply to them that make it so
-After WWII new suburbs were built, veterans got _ from fed housing administration, these communities were not open to _
-Blacks were forced into _
-Urban renewal- Knocking down _ communities & _ them would supposedly help blacks, most of them were not _ |
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Definition
Video episode III
-Physical differences are given social meaning
-Physical differences don't make race, it's the laws & meanings we apply to them that make it so
-After WWII new suburbs were built, veterans got loans from fed housing administration, these communities were not open to blacks
-Blacks were forced into ghettos
-Urban renewal- Knocking down black communities & rebuilding them would supposedly help blacks, most of them were not rebuilt |
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Term
White Privelage: P. Mcintosh's "Invisible Knapsack"
1. An invisible package of _ advantages that whites can count on _ in each day, but about which they remain _
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
-Creed: _ system people share
-The American creed: The human right of full _, The principle of the right of equitable access to ju_, fr_ & op_, irrespective of _, _ or ethnic _
-A set of _ & _ embedded in American culture to which we're expected to _ |
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Definition
White Privelage: P. Mcintosh's "Invisible Knapsack"
1. An invisible package of unearned advantages that whites can count on cashing in each day, but about which they remain oblivious
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
-Creed: belief system people share
-The American creed: The human right of full equity, The principle of the right of equitable access to justice, freedom & opportunity, irrespective of race, religion or ethnic origin
-A set of values & principles embedded in American culture to which we're expected to conform |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
-Gap between _ & _
-Gap between ideals & actual _
-Between individuals beliefs and attitudes regarding the _ and their actual _
-Merton argues attitudes & behavior vary _
-Prospects for narrowing this gap? -Wants to move everyone to the _ weather liberal |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
-Gap between creed & conduct
-Gap between ideals & actual practices
-Between individuals beliefs and attitudes regarding the creed and their actual behavior
-Merton argues attitudes & behavior vary independently
-Prospects for narrowing this gap? -Wants to move everyone to the all weather liberal |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
1. Merton's typology:
-Type one: unprejudice non-discriminator- or _ weather liberal
-Type two: unprejudice discriminator- or _ weather liberal
-Type three: the prejudiced non-discriminator- or _ weather illeberal
-Type four: Prejudiced discriminator- or _ weather illeberal |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
1. Merton's typology:
-Type one: unprejudice non-discriminator- or all weather liberal
-Type two: unprejudice discriminator- or fair weather liberal
-Type three: the prejudiced non-discriminator- or fair weather illeberal
-Type four: Prejudiced discriminator- or all weather illeberal |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
1. All weather liberal
-not _ and doesn't _
-Represents a strategic group, potential force for _ change
-Three problems with this group:
-1. _ rather than action
-2. passively contributing to the problem through _
-3. Private solutions won't solve _ social problems |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
1. All weather liberal
-not prejudice and doesn't discriminate
-Represents a strategic group, potential force for social change
-Three problems with this group:
-1. discussion rather than action
-2. passively contributing to the problem through inaction
-3. Private solutions won't solve public social problems |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
2. Fair weather liberal
- _ liberal
- not _, but _
-Supports discrimination when it's _, or more _
-Doesn't speak up against discrimination for _ of losing status or being _
-Feels _, and is the easiest group to _ |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
2. Fair weather liberal
- reluctant liberal
- not prejudice, but discriminates
-Supports discrimination when it's easier, or more profitable
-Doesn't speak up against discrimination for fear of losing status or being penalized
-Feels guilt, and is the easiest group to transform |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
3. Fair weather illiberal
- The _, non- _
-_ bigot
-Fears being sanctioned for _, so doesn't
-What Merton perscribes for them: We need more _, and _ penalties |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
3. Fair weather illiberal
- The prejudice, non- discriminator
-Timid bigot
-Fears being sanctioned for discriminating, so doesn't
-What Merton perscribes for them: We need more laws, and higher penalties |
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Term
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
4. All-weather illiberal
- _ & _
-Doesn't conform to _ but followes a doctrine of essential differences based on _ w/ whites on top
-Most _ to change
-They _ beyond change
-_ surroundings or _ affect how these individuals/groups should be approached |
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Definition
Robert Merton's "discrimination and American creed" Reading 17
4. All-weather illiberal
- prejudiced & discriminates
-Doesn't conform to creed but followes a doctrine of essential differences based on heiarchy w/ whites on top
-Most difficult to change
-They aren't beyond change
-social surroundings or environment affect how these individuals/groups should be approached |
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Term
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
-Concerned w/ relations between _ am's and _ am's
-Contemporary racism is a residual consequence of _ and _ segregation
-The soc policies since the great depression have _ the posessive investment in _
-New _ legislation, _ act, and _ _ act excluded minorities from workforce _ & _
-Trade unions had contracts that excluded _ from employment opportunities & protection |
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Definition
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
-Concerned w/ relations between european am's and african am's
-Contemporary racism is a residual consequence of slavery and legalized segregation
-The soc policies since the great depression have increased the posessive investment in whiteness
-New deal legislation, wagner act, and social security act excluded minorities from workforce protections & benefits
-Trade unions had contracts that excluded rac/eth minorities from employment opportunities & protection |
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Term
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
-Fed housing act 1934: FHA policies codified _ _
1. Redlining-Practice of arbitrarily _ or _ financial services to specific neighborhoods because its residents are _ or _
-New deal had a redlining policy by having _ coded maps of cities throughout the nation to _ lending and insurance risks
-Black neighborhoods often had red lines saying they are places of _ & _ for banking and lending system
-fed govt supported and insured _ and new _ construction based on this criteria |
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Definition
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
-Fed housing act 1934: FHA policies codified racial discrimination
-Redlining-Practice of arbitrarily denying or limiting financial services to specific neighborhoods because its residents are colored or poor
-New deal had a redlining policy by having color coded maps of cities throughout the nation to categorize lending and insurance risks
-Black neighborhoods often had red lines saying they are places of risk & undesirability for banking and lending system
-fed govt supported and insured loans and new housing construction based on this criteria |
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Term
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
1. Additional fed investment in whiteness
-fed govt channeled loans away from minority _ _ toward white suburbs
-Urban renewal- efforts to _ urban communities. Destroyed _ housing than it _
-Low income housing replaced by commercial _/_. Not housing like it was supposed to
-_ & _ construction, disrupted urban _ & _, factory production _ outside urban areas= loss of _ & increased _ costs which disproportionately affected _
-Failure to enforce fed _ laws |
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Definition
George lipsitz's "The progressive investment in whiteness" racialized soc democracy reading 19
1. Additional fed investment in whiteness
-fed govt channeled loans away from minority urban communities toward white suburbs
-Urban renewal- efforts to redevelop urban communities. Destroyed more housing than it created
-Low income housing replaced by commercial developments/investments. Not housing like it was supposed to
-highway & freeway construction, disrupted urban communities & economies,factory production relocated outside urban areas= loss of jobs & increased commuter costs which disproportionately affected minorities
-Failure to enforce fed housing laws |
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Term
Causes of Black economic decline Reading 19
-Political & economic changes beginning in the _'s
-Deindustrialization- loss of _ _ factory jobs
-Neoconservative attacks on govt spending for public _ & _
-Retreat from enforcement of anti _ _ especially _ & _ racial discrimination by bankers, realtors, employers. (govt allowing this discrimination by not enforcing anti_ laws) |
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Definition
Causes of Black economic decline Reading 19
-Political & economic changes beginning in the 1970's
-Deindustrialization- loss of blue collar factory jobs
-Neoconservative attacks on govt spending for public infastructure & services
-Retreat from enforcement of anti discrimination legislation especially overt & covert racial discrimination by bankers, realtors, employers. (govt allowing this discrimination by not enforcing antidiscrimination laws) |
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Term
Causes of Black economic decline Reading 19
-Over _ % of whites view blacks as lazy and less _
-He argues there's a gap between white _ and black _ in our society
1. What needs to happen according to Lipsitz:
-Whites need to realize there is an inequality _ and be _ to try and _ it. He thinks whites need to change it for self _ & _, not out of sympathy for Blacks. |
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Definition
Causes of Black economic decline Reading 19
-Over 50% of whites view blacks as lazy and less intelligent
-He argues there's a gap between white perceptions and black experiences in our society
1. What needs to happen according to Lipsitz:
-Whites need to realize there is an inequality problem and be active to try and change it. He thinks whites need to change it for self respect & democracy, not out of sympathy for Blacks. |
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Term
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
-Since govt and institutions can no longer _ engage in overt discrimination, individuals assume racism no longer effects _ social mobility
-Race & racism remain _ forces in Am society-(why this type of racism is more _)
-Laissez-faire racism: it's _, _, not _, more problematic, and makes whites assume there isn't discrimination |
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Definition
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
-Since govt and institutions can no longer legally engage in overt discrimination, individuals assume racism no longer effects upward social mobility
-Race & racism remain powerful forces in Am society-(why this type of racism is more problematic)
-Laissez-faire racism: it's covert, indirect, not legalized, more problematic, and makes whites assume there isn't discrimination |
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Term
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
1. Laissez faire racism:
-New rationalizations used to explain away continued institutional _ & _
-non _ factors used to explain away racial inequalities & discrimination
-victim blaming- tendancy to blame _ for black/white gap in _
-factors such as group, cultural and/or individual dispositions used to explain race _
-Present negative _ of blacks
-Resistance to _ & legal _ to reduce rac inequalities & discrimination |
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Definition
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
1. Laissez faire racism:
-New rationalizations used to explain away continued institutional racism & discrimination
-non _ factors used to explain away racial inequalities & discrimination
-victim blaming- tendancy to blame blacks for black/white gap in S.E.S
-factors such as group, cultural and/or individual dispositions used to explain race differences
-Present negative stereotyping of blacks
-Resistance to policy & legal efforts to reduce rac inequalities & discrimination |
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Term
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
1. The role of social science
-Problems with both the _ & the _ perspectives on race
-Left- Reduce racial inequalities to _ factors (ex: factors such as class, edu, skill used to explain away rac inequalities & discrimination)
-Right's explanation of rac. segregation:
-rac seg we observe are function of black _ _
-Blacks placing racial solidarity _ mobility & better quality of life
-This self segregation hypothesis doesn't _
-empirical evidence doesn't _ this explanation
-racial bias & discrimination in _ _ ( ex: HUD auditing studies) |
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Definition
L. Bobo's Laissez faire racism, rac inequality and the role of soc. sciences reading 20
1. The role of social science
-Problems with both the left's & the right's perspectives on race
-Left- Reduce racial inequalities to nonracial factors (ex: factors such as class, edu, skill used to explain away rac inequalities & discrimination)
-Right's explanation of rac. segregation:
-rac seg we observe are function of black self segregation
-Blacks placing racial solidarity above mobility & better quality of life
-This self segregation hypothesis doesn't work
-empirical evidence doesn't support this explanation
-racial bias & discrimination in housing market (ex: HUD auditing studies) |
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Term
Residential Integration (Bobo reading)
-_ most likely to prefer residential integration
-_ more open to residential contact w/ asians & latinos than w/ _
-Blacks encounter hostility from _ neighbors
1. Feelings regarding rac. equity among blacks and whites
-whites see problem of rac inequality as just about _
-_% of blacks believe rac equality won't be achieved in their lifetime
2. Bobo argues:
-The responses/beliefs constitute a dilebrate evasion of _ by whites
-civil rights legislation didn't eradicate black-white racial _ & _
-He argues we need to recognize there's a problem & _ people about it
-Says scholars need better conceptualize & _ of race and racial inequalities
-Need to push changes in social _ ( political & legal legislation to deal w/ _)
-Strategic _ and political _ across racial/ethnic and other social divides |
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Definition
Residential Integration (Bobo reading)
-Blacks most likely to prefer residential integration
-Whites more open to residential contact w/ asians & latinos than w/ blacks
-Blacks encounter hostility from white neighbors
1. Feelings regarding rac. equity among blacks and whites
-whites see problem of rac inequality as just about resolved
-40% of blacks believe rac equality won't be achieved in their lifetime
2. Bobo argues:
-The responses/beliefs constitute a dilebrate evasion of responsibility by whites
-civil rights legislation didn't eradicate black-white racial discrimination & inequalities
-He argues we need to recognize there's a problem & educate people about it
-Says scholars need better conceptualize & understanding of race and racial inequalities
-Need to push changes in social policies (political & legal legislation to deal w/ discrimination)
-Strategic coalitions and political organizing across racial/ethnic and other social divides |
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Term
Racialization of space
D. Massey's residential segregation & neighborhood conditions in US metro areas
-American apartheid 1995- What's happening in US is _ than this
-Residential segregation is the _
-_ subject to most severe discrimination in housing market
-Trends in segregation for blacks, latinos & asians _
-A racially segregated society cannot claim to be _ |
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Definition
Racialization of space
D. Massey's residential segregation & neighborhood conditions in US metro areas
-American apartheid 1995- What's happening in US is worse than this
-Residential segregation is the norm
-Blacks subject to most severe discrimination in housing market
-Trends in segregation for blacks, latinos & asians differ
-A racially segregated society cannot claim to be controlled |
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Term
Massey on res. seg
-Spatial assimilation- If u look at imm groups they move into _ enclaves and as they move out of these into _ society, it leads to rise in _ class and better social _. Assimilating to dominate society _
-Barriers to spatial mobility=barriers to _ mobility
-This form of assimilation is _ to prejudice and discrimination
1. He argues it comes down to these two things:
-index of dissimilarity: measure used to represent level of residential seg in a _/_
-Racial isolation: degree to which racial minorities are _ from the rest of society |
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Definition
Massey on res. seg
-Spatial assimilation- If u look at imm groups they move into racial enclaves and as they move out of these into white society, it leads to rise in social class and better social mobility. Assimilating to dominate society spatially
-Barriers to spatial mobility=barriers to social mobility
-This form of assimilation is blocked to prejudice and discrimination
1. He argues it comes down to these two things:
-index of dissimilarity: measure used to represent level of residential seg in a city/region
-Racial isolation: degree to which racial minorities are isolated from the rest of society |
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Term
Massey on res. seg
1. Trends in black seg:
-before sup. court declared it unconstitutional in 1916 many cities passed apartheid laws establishing separate black & white _
-Even after civil rights- _ remained racially segregated
-In most areas segregation remained very high over this 20 year period: _ -_
2. Black segregation
-Black communities still _ segregated and extremely _ from whites
-20 years after fair housing act blacks still unlikely to come into residential _ w/ members of other groups (this causes perceptions of othe groups to be _)
-Blacks tend to live in systematically _ neighborhoods
-No othe rac/ethnic group has been as segregated and isolated _ as blacks |
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Definition
Massey on res. seg
1. Trends in black seg:
-before sup. court declared it unconstitutional in 1916 many cities passed apartheid laws establishing separate black & white districts
-Even after civil rights- neighborhoods remained racially segregated
-In most areas segregation remained very high over this 20 year period: 1970-1990
2. Black segregation
-Black communities still highly segregated and extremely isolated from whites
-20 years after fair housing act blacks still unlikely to come into residential contact w/ members of other groups (this causes perceptions of othe groups to be believed)
-Blacks tend to live in systematically disadvantaged neighborhoods
-No othe rac/ethnic group has been as segregated and isolated residentially as blacks |
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Term
Massey on res. seg
1. Recent trends in hispanic segregation
-Rapid rate of hispanic _ since late 1960's
-During periods of mass imm, residential segregation tends to _ but not for _
-Migrant workers channel new arrivals to neighborhoods where immigrants have _
2. Recent trends in asian seg
-asians more highly _ regionally and found in relatively _ number of metropolitan areas
-Despite rapid immigration their segregation indicies are _ |
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Definition
Massey on res. seg
1. Recent trends in hispanic segregation
-Rapid rate of hispanic immigration since late 1960's
-During periods of mass imm, residential segregation tends to rise but not for latinos
-Migrant workers channel new arrivals to neighborhoods where immigrants have settled
2. Recent trends in asian seg
-asians more highly concentrated regionally and found in relatively small number of metropolitan areas
-Despite rapid immigration their segregation indicies are moderate |
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Term
Massey on res. seg
1. Black hypersegregation:
-Massey & denton conceptualize segregation as a _ construct
-5 dimensions of segregation:
1. ev_
2. is_
3. cl_
4. cen_
5. con_
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Definition
Massey on res. seg
1. Black hypersegregation:
-Massey & denton conceptualize segregation as a multidimensional construct
-5 dimensions of segregation:
1. evenness
2. isolation
3. clustering- extent where min. areas adjoined to one another spatially
4. centralization- degree to which blacks are distributed in and around small urban areas
5. concentration- relative amount of physical space |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
-Blacks are increasingly confirmed to _ geographically compacted areas
-Segregation along any of these dimensions is problematic because it _ blacks from amenities, opportunities & resources
-Massey and Denton argue just using the 1st two dimensions, the nature of black segregation is _
-Blacks more _ than any other group
-Blacks _ in a # of largest urban areas in US such as Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, & New York
-Individuals growing up in such an environ. have little _ experience w/ cultural _ and behaviors of the rest of society
-Few contacts w/ members of _ rac/ethnic groups
-Hypersegregation spread since the _'s
-Neither Hispanics or Asians are _ within any metro area |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
-Blacks are increasingly confirmed to smaller geographically compacted areas
-Segregation along any of these dimensions is problematic because it isolates blacks from amenities, opportunities & resources
-Massey and Denton argue just using the 1st two dimensions, the nature of black segregation is misrepresented
-Blacks more segregated than any other group
-Blacks hypersegregated in a # of largest urban areas in US such as Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, & New York
-Individuals growing up in such an environ. have little direct experience w/ cultural norms and behaviors of the rest of society
-Few contacts w/ members of other rac/ethnic groups
-Hypersegregation spread since the 1980's
-Neither Hispanics or Asians are hypersegregated within any metro area |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Explaining rac seg:
-Blacks on average have lower _ & fewer socioeconomic _ than whites
-This explanation has not been _ empirically (Bobo's claim)
-researchers have found levels of black-white seg do not vary by _ _
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Explaining rac seg:
-Blacks on average have lower incomes & fewer socioeconomic resources than whites
-This explanation has not been sustained empirically (Bobo's claim)
-researchers have found levels of black-white seg do not vary by social class |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Blacks preference
-Blacks don't prefer to live in predominately _ neighborhoods
-Research suggests it is not a _ reflection of black preference
-Blacks report a commitment to _ as an ideal
-Prefer to live in rac _ communities and neighborhoods
-Conversely, white tolerance for rac mixing is quite _
-Surveys indicate many whites find rac mixing _
-Whites remain _ w/ open housing
-White prejudice toward blacks increases as % of blacks in the area _
-persistance of anti-black prejudice on the part of not just whites but virtually ever other _ _
-Research indicates all non-black groups seek to circumvent potential _ w/ blacks |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Blacks preference
-Blacks don't prefer to live in predominately black neighborhoods
-Research suggests it is not a voluntary reflection of black preference
-Blacks report a commitment to integration as an ideal
-Prefer to live in rac mixed communities and neighborhoods
-Conversely, white tolerance for rac mixing is quite limited
-Surveys indicate many whites find rac mixing unacceptable
-Whites remain uncomfortable w/ open housing
-White prejudice toward blacks increases as % of blacks in the area increases
-persistance of anti-black prejudice on the part of not just whites but virtually ever other rac/eth group
-Research indicates all non-black groups seek to circumvent potential co-residence w/ blacks |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Explaining Rac seg
-non-black groups attribute a variety of _ traits to blacks and consider them to be the least _ neighbors
-Discrimination was institutionalized in _ _ industry during 1920's
-Discrim. behavior widespread among realtors until _'s
-since passage of fair housing act there remain covert barriers to _
-Individual acts of discrimination have powerful cumulative effect in _ probability of _ entry into white neighborhoods |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Explaining Rac seg
-non-black groups attribute a variety of negative traits to blacks and consider them to be the least desirable neighbors
-Discrimination was institutionalized in real estate industry during 1920's
-Discrim. behavior widespread among realtors until 1960's
-since passage of fair housing act there remain covert barriers to integration
-Individual acts of discrimination have powerful cumulative effect in lowering probability of black entry into white neighborhoods |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Housing audits:
-Comparing treatment of blacks and whites w/ similar _ & _ characteristics
-These studies began being conducted in late _ 's
-Reveal continued _ regardless of fair housing act
-White clients recieve systematically more favorable _ (ex: offered options and more financial info)
2. Audits using Hispanics and Asians
-few similar studies among _
-No national studies that systematically evaluate circumstances of _
-Research among hispanics reaffirms race remains dominant _ principle in US _ housing market
-Dark-skinned hispanics more likely to experience _ than lighter skinned counterparts |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Housing audits:
-Comparing treatment of blacks and whites w/ similar social & economic characteristics
-These studies began being conducted in late 1960's
-Reveal continued discrimination regardless of fair housing act
-White clients recieve systematically more favorable treatment (ex: offered options and more financial info)
2. Audits using Hispanics and Asians
-few similar studies among hispanics
-No national studies that systematically evaluate circumstances of Asians
-Research among hispanics reaffirms race remains dominant organizing principle in US urban housing market
-Dark-skinned hispanics more likely to experience discrimination than lighter skinned counterparts |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Consequences:
-The spatial concentration of the _
-_ urban poor
- Wilson's hypothesis: class isolation _ employment, _ incomes, _ marriages and _ unwed childbearing
-Massey suggests wilsons theory is basically _ for black urban poor
-Concentrated _ affects soc and cognitive development
-Racial isolation and concentration of poverty _ odds of socioeconomic failure |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Consequences:
-The spatial concentration of the poor
-Black urban poor
- Wilson's hypothesis: class isolation reduced employment, lowered incomes, depressed marriages and increased unwed childbearing
-Massey suggests wilsons theory is basically correct for black urban poor
-Concentrated poverty affects soc and cognitive development
-Racial isolation and concentration of poverty increase odds of socioeconomic failure |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Neighborhood effects
-_ unemployment
-_ odds of pregnancy and childbirth among teenage girls
-_ liklihood of marriage
-_ probabilities of criminality (both as perpetrator and victim)
-Increase _ on _ mortality and premature death
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Neighborhood effects
-Increases unemployment
-increases odds of pregnancy and childbirth among teenage girls
-decreases liklihood of marriage
-higher probabilities of criminality (both as perpetrator and victim)
-Increase black on black mortality and premature death |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Douglas masseys argument
-Res seg is directly responsible for perpetuation of socio-economic _ among blacks
-residence plays role in determining lifes _
-"The road ahead" offers summary of _ central arguments
-We need to incorporate _ efforts into public policies
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Douglas masseys argument
-Res seg is directly responsible for perpetuation of socio-economic disadvantage among blacks
-residence plays role in determining lifes chances
-"The road ahead" offers summary of 7 central arguments
-We need to incorporate desegregation efforts into public policies |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Anderson's "code of the streets"
- violence springs from circumstances of life among urban _
-This code or street culture accounts to a set of _ rules governing inter-personal public behavior including violence
-code provides framework for _ use of violence and negotiating respect
-It's a cultural _ to a lack of faith in police and judicial system and _ in the future
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Anderson's "code of the streets"
- violence springs from circumstances of life among urban poor
-This code or street culture accounts to a set of informal rules governing inter-personal public behavior including violence
-code provides framework for regulating use of violence and negotiating respect
-It's a cultural adaptation to a lack of faith in police and judicial system and hope in the future |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Police relations?
-Alienated from mainstream _ and its _ (police)
-Police-Non responsive and seen as not _ inner-city residents
-Street code emerges where the the influence of police _ and personal responsibility for ones safety is felt to _
2. two dimensional categories
-The dichotomous categories of value orientation are the "_" and the "_" individuals/families |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Police relations?
-Alienated from mainstream society and its institutions (police)
-Police-Non responsive and seen as not protecting inner-city residents
-Street code emerges where the the influence of police ends and personal responsibility for ones safety is felt to begin
2. two dimensional categories
-The dichotomous categories of value orientation are the "decent" and the "street" individuals/families |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Decent families/individuals
-accept _ values
-committed to _ class values
-instill _ in their children
-hope for better _ with their children
-value _ work and _ reliance
-respect _
-tend to be _ off |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Decent families/individuals
-accept mainstream values
-committed to middle class values
-instill values in their children
-hope for better future with their children
-value hard work and self reliance
-respect authority
-tend to be better off |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Street families/individuals
-tend to have _ lives
-superficial sense of _ and _
-limited _ resources ( often misused ex: drugs)
-Tend toward self _ behaviors
-dependent on _ and _
-deep seated anger and _
-tend to be _ with children
-verbal and physical _
-physical prowess takes on great _ |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Street families/individuals
-tend to have disorganized lives
-superficial sense of family and community
-limited financial resources ( often misused ex: drugs)
-Tend toward self destructive behaviors
-dependent on alcohol and drugs
-deep seated anger and bitterness
-tend to be agressive with children
-verbal and physical abuse
-physical prowess takes on great significance |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Respect or "juice"
-look capable of taking care of _ and be able to _ themselves- ( his _ themes)
-displaying certain disposition toward _ = respect
-self image is _ (based on "Juice")
-_ appearance
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Respect or "juice"
-look capable of taking care of themselves and be able to defend themselves- ( his dominant themes)
-displaying certain disposition toward violence = respect
-self image is important (based on "Juice")
-physical appearance |
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Term
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Respect
-Gain identity and respect through _ and demeanor
-objects and posessions may require _
-Taking others posessions (ie trophies)=_ control/power= elevated _
-ppl outside environment have other ways of _ status/respect
-Inner city youth crave _ so much that they'll risk their lives to gain and maintain it
-results is a cavalier _ toward life and death |
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Definition
Black Hypersegregation rd 21 (Massey)
1. Respect
-Gain identity and respect through posessions and demeanor
-objects and posessions may require defending
-Taking others posessions (ie trophies)=nerve control/power= elevated status
-ppl outside environment have other ways of gaining status/respect
-Inner city youth crave respect so much that they'll risk their lives to gain and maintain it
-results is a cavalier attitude toward life and death |
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Term
Manhood
-importance placed on _
-manhood through manifesting _
-lack of fear of _
-girls increasingly have their own version of _
-differ from boys-don't use a lot of _
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Definition
Manhood
-importance placed on manhood
-manhood through manifesting nerve
-lack of fear of dying
-girls increasingly have their own version of manhood
-differ from boys-don't use a lot of violence |
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Term
Manhood
1. Girls
- disputes are rooted in _, _ & _ about others
-"he_, she_" slander and self esteem
-girls defer _ to boys
-doing their own _
-not willing to risk _ |
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Definition
Manhood
1. Girls
- disputes are rooted in beauty, boyfriends & opinions about others
-"he said , she said" slander and self esteem
-girls defer violence to boys
-doing their own fighting
-not willing to risk lives |
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Term
Manhood
1. an oppositional culture
- resistance to america's _ core culture
-youth that experience and feel _ rejection and contempt from mainstream am _, they express contempt for that society in turn
-lose interest to _ with mainstream society
2. A vicious cycle
-helplessness many inner city _ feel result of _ racism, fuels violence they _ in
-This violence confirms _ feelings many whites harbor toward _ _ poor
- further ligitimizes _ culture and code of streets in eye of inner city _
-anderson argues cycle needs to be _ |
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Definition
Manhood
1. an oppositional culture
- resistance to america's dominant core culture
-youth that experience and feel racist rejection and contempt from mainstream am society, they express contempt for that society in turn
-lose interest to negotiate with mainstream society
2. A vicious cycle
-helplessness many inner city youth feel result of persistent racism, fuels violence they engage in
-This violence confirms negative feelings many whites harbor toward inner city poor
-anderson argues cycle needs to be broken
- further ligitimizes oppositional culture and code of streets in eye of inner city poor |
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Term
Michael Emerson's race religion and colorline
-_ in religious congregations
1. Race and religious congregations
-homogenous (_%) vs multiracial congregations
-over 90% are _
-larger the _ tradition the more _ it is
-more choices people have where to worship they choose to be w/ people who are _ similar to themselves
-probability that 2 randomly selected ppl in same congregation will be of diff race is only _%
-congregations 10x less diverse than _
-20x less diverse than _ _ |
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Definition
Michael Emerson's race religion and colorline
-segregation in religious congregations
1. Race and religious congregations
-homogenous (80%) vs multiracial congregations
-over 90% are homogenous
-larger the religious tradition the more segregated it is
-more choices people have where to worship they choose to be w/ people who are racially similar to themselves
-probability that 2 randomly selected ppl in same congregation will be of diff race is only 2%
-congregations 10x less diverse than neighborhoods
-20x less diverse than public schools |
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Term
So what if congregations are segregated?
-Religion has potential for mitigating racial _ and inequality
-religion motivated fight against _
-played role in _ _ movement
-religion plays role in combating racial _ & _
-However religion via congregational seg _ to racial divisions and inequality because it constitutes _ group sameness and heightens violation from other groups |
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Definition
So what if congregations are segregated?
-Religion has potential for mitigating racial divisions and inequality
-religion motivated fight against slavery
-played role in civil rights movement
-religion plays role in combating racial divisions & injustices
-However religion via congregational seg contributed to racial divisions and inequality because it contributes to within group sameness and heightens violation from other groups
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