- Fields (Ex: Entertainment Industry)

- Levels (Skill Level/Management)

1) guidance: preventative

2) counseling: focus on conscious concerns

3) psychotherapy

 to create stress in order to unbalance the family's homeostasis

According to Reality Therapy, behavior is ________.

We __________ actions.

- internally motivated

- choose our actions

self concept

- People's vocational development process essentially includes developing and implementing

- Freedom of Choice

- organ inferiority & methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it (inferiority/superiority complex)

- observational learning/"social learning theory"

- indiv'l can simply observe another person (a model) perform a behavior and display (imitate) that behavior him/herself w/o reinforcement

- 4 processes: Attention (attend & accurately percieve the modeled behavior); Retention (learner symbollically process the modeled behavior); Reproduction (reproduce & rehearse modeled behavior); Motivation (more likely to occur when reinforced whether internal/external)

- client learns to discriminate between non-assertive, assertive, and aggressive behavior

- Andrew Salter: condition reflex therapy

- relies on modeling, coaching, relaxation training, and behavior research

- noxious UCS is paired with undesirable behavior (CS) so that avoidance results when exposed to the CS alone

- antibuse is a drug that make you sick, pair it with alcohol and eventually the alcohol alone will cause a person to be sick

1- Attention: attend and accurately percieve the modeled behavior

2- Retention: learner symbolically process the modeled behavior

3- Reproduction: reproduce and rehearse modeled behavior

4- Motivation: more likely to occur when reinforced whether internal/external

- techniques remain the same as the individual techniques

- use interventions quite often that are based on Skinner's operant conditioning (ex: positive reinforcement)

- family dysfunction: behavior is learned and thus can be unlearned

- Parent

- Child 

- Adult

- neo-freudian

- stresses ego functions that are not derived from the id

- emphasis man on women as a social being

- felt freudians placed too little of emphasis on social factors

- Basic Anxiety: resutls from lack of love in childhood which leads to insecurity (to over come these there are 3 trends - Moving toward, Moving against, Moving away)

- co-therapist, male and female who were observed by a treament team

- sessions were once a month for 10 sessions

- Peggy Papp (greek chorus - brought the team into the session not behind a one-way mirror; team intearcts with the therapist and the family)

- 2-factor theroy of intelligence

- Genearl and Specific Intelligence

- theory on observational human interactions - a child preserves euphoria by following parental sanctions/standards ("good me")

- parental punishment ("bad me")

- Anxiety repressed ("not me")

- children initially have prototaxic thinking - child dosn't see himself as seperate from the env't. Then comes parataxic: cerial thinking (dog barks and then it starts raining - child will think dog caused the rain). Then Syntaxic: logical/rational thinking.

- mid life crisis - here the man questions his life in general/his career path (also wrote on women, but wasn't very popular)

- 4 eras of man's life: childhood/adolescence, early adult transition, mid-life transition, and late adulthood

- transitions are caused by social/biological factors

"S" for Super

"S" = Self-Concept

- depth perception in children (visual cliff)

- utilized a device which utilzed glass which situmalated a drop off and the infants would not attempt to cross the drop off indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent (innate)

- 8 months of age: child begins to show stranger anxiety, which means: can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown

- developmental factors lead to occupational choice

- open-ended and lifelong, has the quality of optimization

- psychosocial: focus on social relationships, focused on entire lifespan

- coined: identity crisis 

- Ego Psychology: belief in man's power of reasoning to control behavior

- Developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span

- Developmental Stages (based on polarity/conflict and crisis): basic trust vrs mistrust; autonomy vrs shame/doubt; initiative vrs guilt; industry vrs inferiority; identity vrs role confusion; intimacy vrs isolation; generativity vrs stagnation; ego integrity vrs despair)

- pioneer in the crisis intervention movement

- 3 classification: primary (prevention), secondary (reduce the severity), tertiary (maintenance)

- client is exposed to highly anxiety producing stimulus for extended period of time with no feared consequence

- considered invivo therapy

- similar to implosive therapy (flooding happens in the imagination)

- trait and factor

- knowledge of self/aptitude/interests; knowledge of jobs/(dis)advantages of them; matching individual with the work

- Eros - life instict, love, self-preservation

- Thantos - deat instict

- Id (pleasure principle, instincts, no morals, biological drives, unconscious, chaotic)

- Ego (attempts to balance the forces of id/supergo, reality principle, logical/reasonable, exec admin of personality)

- Superego (ego ideal, moral, conscience, moral code)

The mind is like an iceberg with three types.

- Conscious: everything we are aware of, where we can think rationally 

- Preconscious: represents ordinary memory, not consciouly aware of this info at all times, we can retreive it

- Unconscious: resevoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, or memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. Still can influence our behavior or experiences; even tho we're unaware

- personality is like an ice berg - psych is made up of 3 parts (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious)

- ice berg: smallest part is above water (conscious); what you can recall - middle part of ice beg (preconscious); learest part of ice berg - deep below the surface only available through analytic techniques (unconscious)

- primary (prevention)

- secondary (reduce the severity of problem)

- tertiary (maintenance)

- maturationist theory

- chief principle: maturation (developmental change)

- development is a biological process that occurs automatically

- nature NOT nurture

1 - fantasy

  2 - tentative

3 - realistic

- maternal seperation (rhesus monkeys - maternal deprivation/isolation)

- attachment was an innate tendency and not a learned one: monkeys placed in isolation developed autistic behavior

- found that baby monkeys were more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother that dispense milk. "Contact" - important in the development to infants attachment to his/her mother. 

- personality need to be congruent with the work env't

- six basic personality types (RIASEC): realistic (mechanic), investigative (biologist), artistic (artist), social (counselor), enterprising (sales, lawyer), conventional (secretary, financial experts)

1- Moving toward others (characterized by making excessive demands for love)

2- Moving against others (exaggerating your own dominance, power, and prestige)

3- Moving away from others (withdrawing)

- personality is divided into seven major areas of functioning

- "Functions": can interact with eachother and forms an overall interactive system of modalities

- catharsis, insight, and working through

working through: client gradually assimilates new insights into his/her personality (transference analysis is part of working through)

Family speaks directly to counselor rather than to each other (wards off arguments)

- In this type of therapy the therapist is viewed as the "expert" and teacher

- Placating

- Blaming

- Being overly reasonable

- Being irrelevant

- cognitive development in children - how children solve problems

- 4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operactions

- 4 processes: schema (cognitive structure that grows w/ experience); assimilation (taking in new info); accomodation (modification of the child's schemas to deal with new info); equilibrium (balance between assimilation and accomodation)

- used his own kids as test subjects

-concrete operations: conservation, count, all start with a "C" so think Concrete

- egocentrism: child cannot view the world from someone else's - "the rain is following me"

- object permanance: happens in sensorimotor stage - where they learn that objects no longer in site still exist

- schema: the way a person acquires knowledge about the world, patterns of organized thoughts/behavior 

- Holland = "H" for Hexagon

- RIASEC: Rosenthal Is A Superb Ed Counselor

- social learning theory

- LEARNING (not interests) guide ppl into a certain occupation (changes, hence jobs occur to learning)

1- Ego: consciousness, conscious memories, thoughts, feelings

2- Personal unconsciousness: experiences, unconscious memories, were once conscious but have been forgotten

3- Collective unconscoiusness: experience of past generations

- Self Observation generalization: manner in which ppl view themselves & their abilities to perform in an occupation

- World View generalization: generalization regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation

1- tension building

2- acute battering incident

3- loving contrition 

- stages unfold due to educational intervention

- zone of proximal development: difference between  a child's performance without a teacher versus that wh/ he or she is capable of with an instructor 

- elementary mental functions: natural capacities for wh/ no learning/thought is necessary (ex: sensing and hunger)

- High mental functions: they involve self-generated stimulation

Career development rather than "choice"

Career development/maturity: career decision-making adjusts as you go through the different life stages

- classifying ppl by theories of Jung

- should be used w/o assessment of client aptitudes

- 8 types: extroversion & introversion; sensing & intuition; thinking & feeling; judgment & perception

- get a 4 digit code

- phony layers

- phobic layers

- impasse layers

- implosive layers

- explosive layers

- sensorimotor [senses, object permanence-ability to recognize that objects still exists when its out of sight]

- preoperations [develops language, operation = thought, child lacks the ability to see another person's point of view (egocentrism); focusing on one key part of an object and forgetting the rest (centration)]

- concrete operations [can comprehend conversations; mentally manipulate objects for the first time; counting begins; conservation and ability to understand others points of views achieved]

- formal operations [abstract thought, hypothetical thoughts, and deductive reasonsing; experimenting with problems, understand metaphors, only 50% reach this stage]

- schema (cognitive structure that grows with experience)

- assimilation (taking in new info)

- accomodation (modification of the child's schema to deal with new info)

- equilibrium (balance between assimilation and accomodation)

- psychodynamic: uses fewer sessions (per week), doesn't utilize a couch. face-to-face and briefer.

- psychoanalysis: 3 to 5 session/several weeks, expensive. laying on a couch, cannot see the analyst. (6 times a week for 3 or more years). Works best with motivated individuals who are not making major life changes - not for crisis situations)

- developmental tasks throughout entire life span

- dev't tasks: (infancy and early childhood; middle childhood; adolescence; early adulthood; middle age; and later maturity)

- placating

- blaming

- being overly reasonable

- being irrelevant

- Bandura

- observe, judge, and respond

- fantasy

- tentative

- realistic

- Crystalization

- Specifications

- Implementation

- Stabilization

- Consolidation

- 9 life roles

- child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, pensioner

- where we play these roles out (theaters): home, community, school, workplace

- Growth

- Exploration

- Establishment

- Maintenance

- Decline

- classical conditioning

- these are based on the notions of conditioned/unconditioned stimuli, which are part of classical conditioning

A - Activating event

B - Belief system

C - emotional Cutoff

D - Disputing irrational behavior

E- new Emotional consequence

- Bandura, Observational (Social) learning theory 4 Processes:

- attention: attends/accurately percieves the modeled behavior

- retention: learner symbolically processes the modeled behavrio in memory via visual imagery

- reproduction: learner reproduces/rehearses modeled behavior

- motivation: internal/external reinforcement increases the probability that learning/performance will occur; not necessary

- overprotective

- avoidant

- acceptant

a) anticipation stage (imagine career)

b) implementation (engage in reality testing for occupation)

- power to choose form the various career options

- anticipation stage: imagine career

- implementation: engage in reality testing for occupation

Motivation & Management Expectancy Theory

(MMET)

- valence (will the work provide rewards i.e. money, promotion, satisfaction)

- expectancy (what does the person feel he/she is capable of)

- instrumentally (will the manager actually give the employee promised reward)

- ego hides real source of anxiety from the self

- Repression (threatening/painful thoughts are blocked from memory)

- Suppression (deliberate, denial of reality)

- Reaction formation (replace threatening/axiety producing impulse with its opposite)

- Regression (occurs when a person revers to a behavior that he has outgrown)

- Rationalization (attempt to defend bx with a socially acceptable reason)

- Projection (dislike something in yourself, and attribute it to somebody else)

- Displacement (object is to find a safe target for your feelings)

- Sublimation (unacceptable, unconscious urge to channel into a socially acceptable mannor)

- Phony Layers

- Phobic Layers

- Impasse Layers

- Implosive Layers

- Explosive Layers

- success identity: feels worth and significant to others

- failure identity: irresponsible person, frustrated in attempt to feel loved & worthwhile (client is encouraged to assume responsibility for his/her own happiness)

- career maturity; aka vocational maturity 

- 6th grade through 13th grade

- measures attitudes and competence

- empathy

- congruence

- unconditional positive regard

- no diagnoses or advice

- non directive approach

- people have an innate tendancy for self-actualization 

- clients are not viewed as sick

- reflections are used a lot in this form of therapy

- Isolation

- Meaninglessness

- Mortality

- Freedom

- Adult

- Parent

- Child

1: persecutor

2: rescuer

3: victim

Employees performance is influenced by:

- valence (will the work provide rewards i.e. money or promotion)

- expectancy (what does the person feel he/she is capable of)

- instrumentally (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward)

1: I'm okay, You're okay

2: I'm not okay, You're okay

3: I'm okay, You're not okay

4: I'm not okay, You're not okay

- hierarchy of needs, positive psychology

- rejected analytic psych and behaviorism

- person needs to satisfy immediate/basic needs (food/water), next: safety/security, next: love, affection, belonging, next: self-actualization 

1) relaxation training

2) construction of anxiety hierarchy

3) desensitization in imagination

4) in vivo desensitization

- preconventional (consequences dictates feelings; behavior is guided by punisment and rewards) 

- conventional (try to meet the standards of your family, nation, culture; identity with people in power and try to live up to socially defined role)

- postconventional (self-imposed morality; acts on priciples instead of rules, self accepted standard of behavior)

- Preconventional: reward/punishment influences the behavior

- Conventional: individual wants to meet the standards of family/structure/nation

- Postconventional: personal integrity/morality of self-accepted principle

- predictive (probable alternatives, actions, & possibillities)

- value (one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes)

- decision (rules and criteria for evaluating outcome)

- experience, not education, changes families

- this goes beyond consciousness, best way to access the unconscious is symbolically

- thought Kohlberg's theory focuses too deeply on morality and justice

- it ignores moral issues like compassion, caring, responsibility to others, and issues that are significant for women/girls (Kohlbergs research was on a small number of boys, not girls)

- career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts

- difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms

- bonding and attachment theory; maternal deprivation (think "B" for Bowlby, "B" starts with bonding)

- insisted that in order to lead a normal social life, the child must bond with an adult before the age of 3. If the bond is severed loss, it is the breeding ground for abnormal behavior.

- responses are accompanied by satisfaction which will then be repeated; those with unpleasantness will be stamped out

- Skinner did not believe in punishment, postive measure was found to be more productive

- only person whose behavior we can control is our own

- our behavior is our best attempt to control over world to satisfy our wants/needs

- moral realism: heternonamous morality

- moral indepedence: autonomous intentions mean more than damage

- physical and psychological entities that seperate individuals and subsystems from others in the family

- can be clear, rigid, and diffuse

- it looks for incongruences between client's and therapist communication

- client who is visual: " i see"

- client who is auditory: " i hear"

- Little Albert (11 month-old boy to be afried of furry objects when originally was unafraid) A bell was struck when the animal was near, conditioned the child to fear the rat. Then the fear generalized to other white/furry things.  [US: loud noise, UR: innate startle response, CS: white rat, CR: startle with rat]

- illustrated: fears are learned rather than analytic concept (e.g. that they are resulting form the unconscious)

Milgram Obedience Experiment

- ppl were told to give others powerful electric shocks punishing a learner strapped to an electric chair when an incorrect answer was given, they did so on command. 

- Out of 40 participants, 14 refused to go to the highest level of shock

- 62% dished out the "fatal shock punishment"

- the tendency to obey was higher when the experimental authority figure was in the room versus not physically being there

Family projection process: we have a level of differentiation similar to our patterns

- Paradox: sense that the client is told (s)he can engage in a behavior that the person wishes to abate

- occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition

- paints an even more negative picture of the situation for the client than restraining

- Enactment: strategy that allows the counselor to see an instant replay of what genuinely transpires in family

- useful to weaken a client's response to an anxiety producing stimuli

- based off of Pavlov's work

A- Activating event

B- Belief system

C- emotional Consequence

D - Disputing irrational behavior

E - new Emotional consequence

- help the client become aware of their logical errors and irrational "automatic" thoughts

- move forward to label events more accurately

- ppl are capable of assuming personal responsibilities and living fully as an integrated person

- through 'awareness'

Focuses on family "structure" (or how it's organized; i.e. parent-child relationship) and it's issues such as enmeshment or disengagement

Change in family patterns/communications/interactions to create a more healthy family

- differentiation of self

- differentiation: notion that in order for there to be positive change in the family system, the individual parts of the system needed to think of themselves primarily as individuals. 

- once differentiated, more likely to change for the positive because they no longer are linked to the family's dysfunction

- RIASEC

- Rosenthal Is A Spectacular Education Counselor

- Maslow's Hierarchy of Need and Psychoanalysis

- needs which are satisfied so that they don't become unconscious motivators. Higher order needs will disappear if rarely satisfied, lower order needs will be the major concern

- need which are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators

- Psychoanalysis, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Career Development

- job satisfies an unconscious need (psychoanlysis: unconscious; need = Maslow; career = job)

Konrad Lorenz

- Imprinting: instinctual behavior of gostling geese and other animals in which the infant instinctually follows the first moving object it encounters (usually its mother)

- he used himself as the first object, newborn geese would follow him around instead of their mother

- Behaviorism/Operant Conditioning

(Operant: people's behaviors)

- humans are like animals, mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contigencies

Logo Therapy: healing through meaning

(form of existentialism)

Classical and Respondent Conditioning

- learning occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus wh/ evokes a specific response, so the neutral stimulus itself produces the respose

- Involves mainly reflexes... ex: salivating dog

- US: unconditioned stimulus (meat); UR: unconditioned reponse (salivatin to meat); CS: conditioned stimulus (bell tone); CR: conditioned response (salivating to the tone)

1. Basic: counselor reponse is on the same level as client's

2. Subtractive: counselor's behavior doesn't competely convey an understanding of what's been communicated

3. Additive: most desirable, adds to the client's understanding and awareness

MMT - Multimodal Therapy

(mixture of behavior/cbt)

- Thoughts regarding...

a) oneself

b) one's future

c) one's experience

 Fusion: intellectual/emotional aspects are merged

- there is not a clear sense of self and/or other

Triangulation: dyad recruits a third person to stabalize the difficulty between the dyad -- usually this makes it worse

Differentiation

 to teach members to respond, not react to each other

extent that one can seperate one's intellect from one's emotional self -- being yourself in a system

Oedipus: repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to have sex with the parent opposite sex.

Electra: girl's pyschosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father

child identification with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of these complexes.

- Id: human's basic instincts, drives, pleasure principle

- Ego: reality principle, please the id's drive in a realistic way. mediator between the id and superego

- Superego: internalization of cultural rules, aims for perfection

- Decision-making model

"fuel for the decision"

- believes participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group is necessary for an effective group leader

- even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed/certified

- Learning, not interests, guide people into a certain occupation 

- Changes of interest, hence jobs occur to learning

Anima: men's feminine side

Animus: women's masculine side

Logos: logic

Eros: intuition

- logic

- intuition

1. Ego: consciousness, conscious memories, thoughts, feelings

2. Personal unconscious: experiences, unconscious memories, were once conscious but have been forgotten

3. Collective unconscious: experience of past generations 

- studying moral development

- morality is a decision not a trait

- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: uncomfortable state of tention or stress that occurs when an individual has to inconsitent and incompatible bliefs 

- individual in a state of dissonance will try and reduce the tenion by altering the cognitions/by making cognitions harmonious

- Boundaries: physical and pyschological entities that separate individual's and subsystems from others in the family

- they can be clear, rigid, or diffuse

- joining: meeting, greeting, bonding, using similar language - joining the system

1) relationship

2) system maintenance/change dimension

3) Personal developmental dimension

- associated with hypothesis testing

- hypothesis: a hunch of educated guess which can be tested utilzing the experimental model

- When witholding a reinforcer, there is a consequent declin in operant response (behavior) strength

- this wouldn't happen immediately but over time response cessates

- anaclitic depression: infants who were seperated from their mother for extended periods of time. children are initially sad/weepy but after about 3 months they begin to have frozen emotionless feaces & a far away stare. 

- Fixed action patterns (FAP) - ritualistic behaviors that are characteristic of a species and are ellicited by a sign stimulous

- adult cognitive developent (college students) - think differently than adolescents

- no age brackets

- Stresses growth and self-actualization

- there are choices in life, cannot blame others or childhood for lack of fullfillment

- focus on perceptions in the here-and-now

- assist to find meaning in life so that the client can write his/her own life story by making meaningful choices

- stress related to decision-making can result in avoiding the decision, making a quick-uninformed decision, and making a careful-informed decision. 

- the name for these three actions are: avoidance, hypervigilence, and vigilence.

- persecutor

- rescuer

- victim

- Crystalization

- Specifications

- Implementation

- Stabilization

- Consolidation

- Growth

- Exploration

- Establishment

- Maitenance 

- Decline

- trust vrs mistrust (if needs are met, child will not trust - there is fear/mistrust of others)

- autonomy vrs shame/doubt (learns to experiment/explore but if parents are overprotective/inconsistent the child develops doubt/ashamed of their behavior)

- initiative vrs guilt (child is encouraged to meet new ppl and to explore env't, chld then feels initiative & confidence.if the parents stifle this-child feels guilty about taking initiative/tryign to be indepent)

- industry vrs inferiority (child learns to get along with authority figures; get along with peers; thus learning to solve problems -- inudstry: setting and obtaining personal goals)

- identity vrs role confusion (go from childhood to adulthood to identify goals/establish new identity. if they don't find themselves, they experience role confusion)

- intimacy vrs isolation (intimacy and love become major issues and when a person can't achieve this they feel isolated)

- generativity vrs stagnation (experiences midlife crisis, generativity means how you care about others. the indiv'l who cant achieve this stagnates and becomes self-centered) 

- ego integrity vrs despair (look back at life; if they are happy they have integrity; otherwise they have despair)

- oral (sucking/mouth; oral fixation: smoking & overeating)

- anal (toilet training and spencter control; anal retentive character vrs anal expulsive character)

- phallic (interest in genitals. oedipus/electra/penis envy)

- latency (sexual urges are repressed, attention goes to school, sports etc - social rather than sexual stage)

- genital (puberty, remain in this stages for the rest of life; less narcissistic and self-centered and more interested in others) 

- fixation: individual is unable to go from one stage to the next and is stuck where they're safe)

- does not cover entire lifespan like Erikson does

- psychosexual, doesn't cover entire lifespan

- oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

- predictive: probable alternatives, actions, & possibilities

- value: one's relative preferences regarding the outcome

- decision: rules and criteria for evaluating outcome

- Realistic (mechanic)

- Investigative (biologist)

- Artistic (artist/musician)

- Social (counselor)

- enterprising (sales, lawyer)

- conventional (secretary, financial experts)

- Dualism: authorities are either right/wrong. absolutist thinking

- Multiplicity: acknowledges mult. view points, but lacks ability to evaluate these points

- Relativism: understands that all knowledge is relative & that there are different ways to percieve reality

- Commitment to Relativism: person makes a decision on how he/she will view the world while realizing that they can modify tehir choices based on new info

1- dualism

2- multiplicity

3- relativism

4- commitment to relativsm

- orientation

- conflict

- cohesion

- termination

- convergent thinking: occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept

- divergent thinking: ability to generate a novel idea

- ppl SOMETIMES (not most) make career change

- his stages don't consider them (past exploration phase)

- developed ACCI - Adult Career Concerns Inventory

- Krumboltz: "social learning"

- social learning: env'tal conditions and learning experiences have the biggest impact on career-related growth

- aka: observational learning

- Adler

- he believed that one's motivation depended on a final purpose/goal

Jacob Moreno

- psychodrama: client expresses spontaneous feelings via role-playing (appropriate for family therapy and group work)

- death

-freedom

- existential isolation

- meaninglessness

- her theory draws from Maslow when needs are satisfied so that they don't become unconscious motivators

- higher order needs will disappear if rarely satisfied, lower order needs will be the major concern. needs which are satsified after a long delay will become unconscious motivators.