Term
| What diagnostic imaging techniques were available for anatomical structure examination prior to 1974? |
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Definition
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Term
| What unit is the focus of nuclear imaging? |
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Definition
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Term
| In nuclear medicine, what converts ingested or injected radioactive material into a light pulse? What do computers do with this image? |
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Definition
| gamma cameras in 2-D. reconstitute the atoms into an image |
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Term
| What refers to the isolated radioactive particles that are used to perform the nuclear medicine study? |
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Definition
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Term
| In nuclear medicine, particles absorb or locate where? |
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Definition
| tissue, fluid, blood, bone, etc |
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Term
| In nuclear medicine, in what views are images taken? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the time it takes for half of a nuclear substance to decay? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the the time an organism takes to eliminate one half of a compound or chemical on a strictly biological basis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the time required fro the amount of a radioactive element deposited in a living organism to b diminished 50% as a result of the combined action of radioactive decay and biological elimination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some ways concentration within the body can occur with nuclear medicine isotopes? |
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Definition
| blood pool or component, physiologic, capillary blockage, phagocytosis, cell sequestration |
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Term
| On what does the amount of isotope depend in nuclear medicine? |
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Definition
| the test and the material used. care must also be given in considering the following: pediatric dosing according to weight, pregnancy (acog stds), allergies to contrast studies before |
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Term
| What are some psychiatric issues to be considered in nuclear medicine safety? |
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Definition
| psychiatric issues- claustrophobia (premedicate and open ct and mri's). |
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Term
| What is most important in nuclear medicine safety? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nuclear imaging modality is good for bone disease not detected on plain films but suspected? This musculoskeletal modality is also good for detection of metastasis of known malignancy. |
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Definition
| Technetium- 99spect bone scan |
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Term
| What musculoskeletal imaging modality is useful for fx and congenital anomalies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What musculoskeletal imaging modality is useful for staging of tumors, inflammatory processes (i.e. osteomyelitis), occult fx, and avascular necrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique involves the ability to detect defects in lung fields based on decreased absorbtion isotope? Pt. inhales xenon-133 isotope (ventilation) and then technetium-99 is injected (perfusion). Images are taken looking for defects. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| read as negative, low, intermediate or high probability |
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Term
| In what scan are wbc's labeled on leukocytes, injected, and then studied in 24-48 hrs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is useful in detecting inflammation of lung (sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, radiant pneumonitis) and malignancy (multiple myeloma)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique involves pts' own blood, which is drawn, spun down, and extracted, labeled, and reinjected? |
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Definition
| indium-iii labeled wbc scan |
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Term
| What imaging technique is useful for detection of infection (pneumonia, lung abscesses, or no infection)? |
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Definition
| indium-iii labeled wbc scan |
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Term
| What imaging technique involves absorption of radio labeled rbc's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is widely used in detection of tumors (bone, lung, organ), fx, and cardiology (myocardial perfusion)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What diagnostic technique is radiolabeled and injected, and is an excellent test for detection of thyroid disorders? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique allows a view of tissue in a 3-d mode and is used with technetium and iodine radio labeled isotopes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique creates a tomography by detecting gamma rays which are produced when the emitted positrons interact with electrons? |
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Definition
| pet (positron emission tomography) |
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Term
| What imaging technique is useful for functional evaluations and is also able to distinguish neoplasm and normal tissue? |
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Definition
| pet (positron emission tomography) |
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Term
| What imaging technique is widely used and accessible, inexpensive, and is able to detect a majority of bony abnormalities and soft tissue defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique is limited b/c it is only in one plane? Therefore, multiple views need to be taken and positioning of the pt. is key. Pt must remain still. This imaging technique cannot show any internal views or structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which older test is accessible by many facilities and is good for detecting any spinal cord lesion and/or disc herniations? This can be used to view in more than one plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an invasive procedure that requires an LP to get the csf and to inject the contrast medium for study? |
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Definition
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Term
| What testing modality involves the following disadvantages: pt may not tolerate procedure and must remain still during the test. May be technically difficult based on pt size and anatomy. Can increase risk of infection, spinal headaches and pain related to procedure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique is painless, involves multiple planes (windows), allows detection of lesions and tumors, and offers newer open scanners? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging modality involves the following disadvantages: expensive, size limits on table, claustrophobia, and access to ct's in smaller rural areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique is more sensitive to detect spinal cord lesions, is able to detect disc herniations, tumors, and involves contrast which can "light up" the cauda equina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can CT "light up" the cauda equina? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what diagnostic study mus you perform an lp and inject contrast directlly into subarachnoid space? This techniques involves risks for infection, spinal ha, and pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique is becoming the std for evaluating several tissue structures of the spine, involves multiple views to achieve a 3-d view and is painless? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imaging technique is expensive, involves large structure, a small tube (anxiety, claustrophobia), is loud and uncomfortable, and not easily accessible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can affect multiple parts of the spine, and can involve osteophytes? |
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Definition
| degenerative osteoarthropathy |
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Term
| What can form and push into neural foramen and spinal canal and compress it, resulting in disc herniation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is caused by a defect in the pars interarticularis, usually by a stress fx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is spondylolysis usually unilateral or bilateral, congential or acute? Where is it commonly seen? |
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Definition
| bilateral, either congenital or acute. l5-s1 joint |
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Term
| Lysis means fx of the vertibrae. however, it didn't go anywhere. It's still in it's position. What is the risk of spondylolysis? |
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Definition
| can lead to "slipping" of the jt space. It can result in impaired neural function. However this is a secondary effect, caused by spondylolysis. |
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Term
| Does spondylolysis require surgery? |
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Definition
| maybe, depending on grade of slippage |
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Term
| What involves disconnection from the posterior elements of the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lysis on plain oblique films has the appearance of a broken neck of the "scottie dog"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding spondylolisthesis in the elderly, what will the defect of degenerating pars cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would be described as subluxation of l4 on l5? |
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Definition
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Term
| How common are disc herniations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the imaging modalities for disc herniations? |
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Definition
| ct or mri, but myelography still used in some areas |
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Term
| What is the usual appearance of disc herniations? |
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Definition
| herniated nucleus pulposus |
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Term
| To what can disc herniations lead? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are surgical options for disc herniations? |
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Definition
| fusion, discectomy and laminectomy |
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Term
| What can cause nn root compression? |
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Definition
| either severe herniation, tumors or fluid pushing up against the nn root |
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Term
| What does nn root compression cause? |
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Definition
| severe pain, radiculopathy |
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Term
| What is the most serious condition involved with nn root compression? |
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Definition
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Term
| What involves urinary and/or bowel incontinence w/numbness to extremity or both? It is the most serious condition with what problem? |
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Definition
| cauda equina most serious condition w/nn root compression |
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Term
| How serious is cauda equina syndrome? What imaging modality is best to detect this? |
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Definition
| surgical emergency! mri best test to detect |
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Term
| What is an infection of the bone causing a destructive breakdown of the bony structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms can cause osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
| bacteria (sometimes mycobacteria) or fungi. most common organism *staph aureus* |
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Term
| Pt presents w/back pain. What 2 questions do you ask? |
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Definition
| any bowel or bladder incontinence? |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common places for osteomyelitis in children? |
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Definition
| long bones, particularly near the end plate |
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Term
| What adult populations are susceptible to osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
| diabetics-very common in the feet, peripheral vascular disease |
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Term
| What are tx options for osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
| long course of abx (6 weeks or more), possible sx debridement, amputation if not improved |
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Term
| What are the most common neoplasms of the spine? |
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Definition
| astrocytomas or ependymomas |
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Term
| How easy is it to tx neoplasms in the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tx of choice for purely staph osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are more difficult to tx: astrocytomas or ependymomas? |
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Definition
| astrocytomas are more malignant and are more difficult. Ependymomas are less infiltrative and can be resected. |
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Term
| What is the most common type of tumor of the spine? |
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Definition
| malignancies, the lung and breast are the most common primary sites |
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Term
| What are 2 things that really light up a bone? |
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Definition
| really bad infection, tumor |
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Term
| What are some types of injury to spine? |
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Definition
| spine fx and trauma: multiple types of injury including: fx, subluxation, compression, external trauma (gsw, knife wounds) |
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Term
| Where can degenerative osteoarthropathy occur? |
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Definition
| multiple parts of the spine |
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Term
| What is caused by spondylolysis? |
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Definition
| caused by defect in pars interarticularis, usually caused by a stress fx |
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Term
| What is a fx that breaks the spinous process of c2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fx breaks the dens of c2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fx causes widening of c1 w/lateral displacement bilaterally around dens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fx involves a tear drop fx of the body and a broken spinous process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fx involves distal spinous process fx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pt falls down the steps on their butt- what type of fx might they sustain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fx involves entire vertebra, with separation of vertebra from native position? |
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Definition
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Term
| What "is a minimally invasive treatment in which orthopaedic balloons are used to gently elevate the bone fragments in an attempt to return them to the correct position?" |
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Definition
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