Term
| Different Presumptive Tests for Blood |
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Definition
| Phenolphthalein, Leucomalachite Green. Answers the question: Is this substance blood? |
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Term
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Definition
| Clear chemical. When mixed with blood and Hydrogen Peroxide, turns pink. Used as a presumptive screening test. |
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Term
| Leucomalachite Green (LMG) |
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Definition
| Clear chemical. When mixed with blood turns green. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used when blood can not be seen. When combined with an oxidant and sprayed over area with blood, then it glows blue. Chemiluminescent. Problem of destroying blood after spraying. |
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Term
| Tests to screen for the presence of blood |
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Definition
| Luminol. It answers the question: "Is there any blood here?" |
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Term
| What can you say if you obtain a positive screening for blood? |
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Definition
| I might have blood, but the sample could be some other contaminants like bleach. I can not answer if this is human blood or any particular person's blood. |
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Term
| Tests to confirm that a stain is blood |
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Definition
| Teichmann Test and Takayama Test |
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Term
| Teichmann Test/Takayama Test |
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Definition
| Small amount of blood is added to a microscope slide and mixed with either chemical solution. Slide is heated to form crystals and are viewed under a microscope for a distinct crystal pattern. |
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Term
| Test to confirm a blood stain is human blood. |
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Definition
| Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Test |
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Term
| Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Test |
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Definition
| A gel plate is created with holes to place different serums or anti-serums. The anti-human is placed in the center, the known human blood and crime scene sample is placed in their own other holes. Other holes have different anti-serums for different animals. Precipitate lines are formed when the serums and blood mix. Compare the known human sample to the crime scene sample. |
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Term
| Test to confirm a blood stain belongs to an individual person |
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Definition
| Nuclear or Mitochondrial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Most discrimination, Nucleus contains the DNA contains the genetic makeup of a person |
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Term
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Definition
| Maternally transferred DNA, can not trace a particular person, can only reduce down to maternal offspring of the person's mother. |
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Term
| Presumptive Tests for Semen |
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Definition
| Color tests for SAP (Seminal Acid Phosphotase) |
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Term
| Seminal Acid Phosphotase (SAP) |
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Definition
| Found in many different tissue and fluids, but very concentrated in semen. Synthesized in the prostate. Present in males from puberty to 40 years of age, amount declines after 40. Detection still present after vasectomy, without sperm. |
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Term
| What can you say if you obtain a positive screening for semen? |
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Definition
| Able to narrow down that the stain is either semen or from human tissue or fluid. |
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Term
| Tests to confirm that a stain is semen |
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Definition
| Microscopic identification of spermatozoa and P30 (Prostate-Specific Protein) |
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Term
| Christmas Tree Stain & H and E Stain |
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Definition
| Used to confirm sperm. Sperm cells are stained before observing microscopically. Stains the sperm heads red and the tails green. Sperm is viewed 400X magnification. Only 1 sperm cell is needed to confirm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Confirm the presence of prostate specific proteins in a sample after a positive SAP test. Tester confirms with a positive result on the control band and the test band. Negative if only control band. Inconclusive if nothing happens, the tester is broken. |
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Term
| Tests to screen for the presence of saliva |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| For detecting Amylase, an enzyme in Saliva used to break down starch. When starch and iodine is mixed it turns blue, if Amylase is added the blue color will begin to vanish. Amylase is also in blood, semen, and other bodily fluids, so it can not be used to confirm saliva. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracted from saliva stains for DNA extraction. |
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Term
| Advantages of mitochondrial DNA |
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Definition
| Can be used to deduce suspect to a number of people related maternally. It is present in many forms of body cells, not just in blood or semen. |
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Term
| Fraction of blood contains DNA |
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Definition
| the white blood cells contain DNA and makes up 1% of blood. |
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Term
| Epithelial Cell or Buccal Cell locations of presence |
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Definition
| Can be found in the mouth, cheek, or vaginal tract. Found in saliva or vaginal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different serum proteins or enzymes have differences that can be detected by separating the proteins in a gel by electrophoresis. |
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Term
| Forensic evidence used to support a sexual assault case |
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Definition
| Swabs taken from the victim's skin, mouth, vagina, and rectum. Clothing like underwear that was worn during the assault. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depicts the level of blood alcohol content to the time after start of drinking. An upward motion indicates absorption of alcohol, while a downward motion indicated eliminated alcohol by the liver. Steep curves indicate fast ingestion of alcohol, low curves indicate low alcohol absorption, typically from alcohol consumption after a full stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determine what something is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determine how much of something there is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lethal dose of 50% of the population. Number determined through lab testing on rats and mice. The lower the number, the more lethal a substance is, the less you need to kill someone. |
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Term
| Metabolites (Problems with analyzing toxicology samples) |
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Definition
| Drugs breakdown in a body and produce a less harmful product. Makes detection very time sensitive, before all the drug breaks down. |
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Term
| Tissue Selection (Problems with analyzing toxicology samples) |
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Definition
| Drugs could be highly concentrated in certain areas of the body, depending on how the drug is being ingested or taken. |
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Term
| Sensitivity (Problems with analyzing toxicology samples) |
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Definition
| Instruments need to ba highly sensitive to find a small amount of drug in the body. |
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Term
| Matrix Problems (Problems with analyzing toxicology samples) |
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Definition
| Some drugs don't go to blood or urine. Samples like liver, bile, or stomach samples can only be collect post-mortem. |
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Term
| Evidence found at a clandestine lab |
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Definition
| Equipment or apparatus used to make drugs. Chemicals with the ingredients to make drugs together. The "in process" manufacturing stage identified and the final product. |
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Term
| External signs of a clandestine laboratory |
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Definition
| Odd or excessive amounts of trash in the form of pill containers, lab glassware, coffee filters, bed sheets, and misused propane cylinders. Unusual or strong odors. Discoloration in the soil or lack of vegetation. |
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Term
| Equipment or apparatus (Clandestine Lab Evidence) |
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Definition
| Items like buckets, lab glassware, bed sheets, or anything that could be used. Clean or with residues. |
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Term
| Chemicals (Clandestine Lab Evidence) |
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Definition
| High quantities of pseudoephedrine, red phosphorus, or any other ingredient used for meth production. Ingredients found together shows intent of making. |
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Term
| Identification of "In Process" stages (Clandestine Lab Evidence) |
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Definition
| Any stage of the drug phase that can be identified can be used as intent of producing the drug. |
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Term
| Final Product (Clandestine Lab Evidence) |
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Definition
| Can obviously be used to convict, but also without shows intent to make as long as the ingredients and/or equipment is found together, or is in the process of making a drug. |
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Term
| Factors affecting absorption of alcohol |
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Definition
| Surface area (size of the person), speed of blood flow in the individual, the amount or any presence of food, and the alcohol percentage of different types of beverages. |
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Term
| Factors affecting the elimination of alcohol |
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Definition
| The functionality of the liver to produce enzymes to break down alcohol, chronic consumption causes more efficient break down, and amount of food eaten. |
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Term
| Techniques to screen for controlled substances |
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Definition
| Color tests, Microcrystaline Tests, Thin Layer Chromatography, UV Spectroscopy |
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Term
| Color Tests (controlled substance screening) |
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Definition
| Certain parts of chemicals react with color reagents differently. Add color reagent to unknown substance to find a positive reaction. Three common color tests for heroin are the Froehde, Marquis, and Mecke tests. |
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Term
| Microcrystaline Tests (controlled substance screening) |
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Definition
| Usually performed after color tests, can be specific, but not confirmatory based on the Daubert Standard because there is no scientific reason for why these crystal formations happen. Each drug has a specific crystaline pattern. |
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Term
| Thin Layer Chromatography (controlled substance screening) |
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Definition
| Involves the separation of components of a mixture and comparison to known standards. Spots of known substances are put in individual columns and then the unknown substance spot on a plate. The plate is placed in a chamber with a reactant liquid from the base of the plate. The liquid rises, with certan substances rising faster or slower than others and a stopping spray stops the movement of the spots. Then the known samples and the unknown are compared. |
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Term
| UV Spectroscopy (controlled substance screening) |
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Definition
| Different drugs create a different pattern, creates a graphed pattern. Can be used to determine the identity of the family a drug belongs to. Can also determine the concentration of a particular type of drug. |
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Term
| Techniques to confirm controlled substance |
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Definition
| Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy and Infrared Spectrascopy |
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Term
| Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (Controlled Substance confirmation) |
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Definition
| Separates compounts by their affinity to the stationary and mobile phases and then hooked up to mass spectrometers for final confirmation. Does not need to be a pure drug, can be mixtures because it will separate the drugs for you. Able to set up batchs of 150 different cases and finish over night. The more expensive option. |
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Term
| Infrared Spectroscopy (Controlled Substance confirmation) |
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Definition
| The use of infrared to confirm a substance, but can not determine mixtures. Must be separated before using this method. |
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Term
| Basis for Scheduling drugs in the Controlled Substance Act |
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Definition
| Drugs must have a potential for abuse, potential for psychological dependence, and does the drug of medicinal value. |
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Term
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Definition
| The drug must not have any medicinal value |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leaf preparation of Cannabis |
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Definition
| Can be confirmed through microscopic examination. |
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Term
| Hash and Oil Preparation of Cannabis |
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Definition
| Can not be confirmed through microscopic examinations. Can only be confirmed through THC Color Test called the Duquenois-Levine Test or Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy. |
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Term
| Microscopic Examination of Marijuana |
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Definition
| Cystolithic hairs on the surface of the marijuana leaf. Very fine hairs on the underside of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Color test accepted as confrimatory when used in conjunction with microscopic examination. Liquid turns purple when combined with THC. Without microscopic examination, confirmed with GC-Mass Spect. |
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Term
| What can drug color tests tell us? |
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Definition
| Used to deduce the probable identity of the substance, but may be other substances as well. i.e. tests of cocaine can react with other "caine" drugs like lidocaine, benzocaine, novacaine, etc. |
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