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Definition
| social control mechanisms designed to enforce society's laws and standards |
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| pain, suffering, loss, or sanction inflicted on a person because he or she committed a crime or offense |
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| seventeenth-century English laws under which vagrants and abandoned and neglected children were bound to masters as indentured servants |
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| a state or federal correctional institution for the incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more: prison |
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| goals of modern sentencing (6) |
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Definition
1. general deterrence
2. incapacitation
3. specific deterrence
4. retribution/just desert
5. rehabilitation
6. equity/restitution |
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| a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties |
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| policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to eliminate the risk of their repeating their offense in society |
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| repetition of criminal behavior: habitual criminality |
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| punishment severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity |
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| a person who is deserving of blame or punishment because of evil or injurious behavior |
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| the view that those who violate the rights of others deserve punishment commensurate with the seriousness of the crime; punishment fit crime/fair, same for everyone |
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| a more serious crime that carries a penalty of incarceration in a state or federal prison, usually for one year or more |
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| during the middle ages, the compensation paid to the victim by a defendant found guilty of a crime |
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| sanction designed to compensate victims and society for the losses caused by crime: restitution |
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| incarceration for more than one offense such that each sentence begins only after the previous one has been completed |
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| incarceration for more than one offense such that all sentences begin on the same day and are completed after the longest term has been served |
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| a term of incarceration with a stated minimum and maximum length; the prisoner is eligible for parole after serving the minimum |
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| a fixed term of incarceration |
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| reduction of a prison sentence by a specified amount in exchange for good behavior within the institution |
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| a statutory requirement that a certain penalty be set and carried out in all cases on conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses |
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| sentencing reform sponsored by the federal government mandating that any defendant who has pled guilty to or has been found guilty of a felony shall be required to serve a minimum prison term of 85 percent of the sentence imposed by the court |
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| the idea that female defendants are treated more leniently in sentencing (and are less likely to be arrested and prosecuted in the first place) because the criminal justice system is dominated by men who have a paternalistic or protective attitude toward women |
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| a written statement that describes the harm or loss suffered by the victim of an offense, considered by the court when the offender is sentenced |
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| the belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere of brutality, reinforces the view that violence is an appropriate response to provocation, and thus encourages rather than deters the criminal use of violence |
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| a jury formed to hear a capital case, with any person opposed in principle to capital punishment automatically excluded |
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| community sentences feautring probation as well as additional requirements such as restitution, fines, home confinement, or elctronic monioring, designed to rpvoide more contorl and sanctions than traditional probation but less than secure incarceration in jail or prison |
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Definition
| a group of punishments falling between probation and prison-community-based sanctionsincluding house arrest and intensive supervision |
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| in medieval england, a judge's suspension of punishment, enabling a convited offender to seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate reformed behavior |
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| medieval practice of letting convicted offenders remain free if they agreed to enter a debt relation with the state to pay for their crimes |
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| during the middle ages, people who made themselves responsible for people given release or reprieve |
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| a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the form of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specific time |
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Term
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Definition
| removing a person frmo probation (or parole) in response to a violation of law or of the conditions of probation (or parole) |
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Definition
| a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out if the offender agrees to obey the rules of probation while living in the community |
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| presentence investigation |
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Definition
| investigation performed by a probation officer after the conviction of a defendant, with the report containing information about defendant's backgound, education, previous employment, and family; his or her own statement converning the offense; his or her prior criminal record; interviews with beighbors or acquaintances; and his or her mental and physical condition (that is, information that could not be made public record in the case of a guilty plea or that woul dbe inadmissible as evidence at a trial but could be influential and important the sentencing stage) |
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Definition
| the process by which a probation officer settles cases at the intial appearance beore the onset of formal criminal proceddings |
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| categorizing probationers so that they may recieve an appropriate level of treatment and control |
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| fees imposed on probationers to offset the costs of probation |
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| a program using community supervision teams to monitor offenders |
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| a sum imposed as punishment for an offense |
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| a fine geared to offender's net daily income, as well as the number of dependents and the seriousness of the crime, in an effort to make sentences more equitable |
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| the seizure of personal property by the stae as a civil or criminal penalty |
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| a practice in which criminal defendants forfeit homes, cars, and so on for the slightest law violation |
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| criminal saction that requires the offender to repay the victim or society or both for damage caused by the criminal act |
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| community service restitution |
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Definition
| criminal sacntion that requires the offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or helping handicapped children as an alternative to incarceration |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal sanction that requires the offender to compensate the victim for property damage, lost wages, medical costs, or other losses |
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Definition
| a sentence in which offenders serve a short term in prison to impress them with the pains of incarceration before they begin probation |
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Definition
| giving a brief term of incarceration as a condition of probation |
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Term
| intensive probation supervision (IPS) |
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Definition
| a type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict daily or weekly monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentence that requires convited offenders to spend extended periods of time in their own home as an alternative to incarceration |
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Term
| electronic monitoring (EM) |
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Definition
| electronic equipment that entables probation officers to monitor the location of those under house arrest or other forms of supervision |
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Term
| residential community corrections (RCC) |
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Definition
| an intermediate sanction, as well as a parole or pretrial option, in which voncivted offenders are housed in a nonsecue facility from which they go to work, attend school, or participate in treatement activities and programs |
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Term
| day reporting center (DRC) |
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Definition
| a nonresidential, community-based treatment program |
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Term
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Definition
| a perspective on justice that views main goal of the criminal justice system to be a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing woulds of victims, offenders, and communities caused or revealed by crime; it stresses non-coercive and heling approaches whenever possible |
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Definition
| a vision of justice that attempts to heal the rift between crimnal and victim to provide healing instead of punishment |
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Definition
| in native communities, a group of citizens, leadrs, victims, and so on who meet to deal with conflicts between people in an equitable way |
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| in early england, the chief law enforcement, official a country- the forerunner of today's sheriff |
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| mothballed ship used to house prisoners in eighteenth-century england |
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Definition
| the birthplace of the modern prison system and of the pennsylvania systsem of solitary confinement |
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Definition
| a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes |
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Definition
| a type of prison in which cells are located along corridors in multiple layers or levels |
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| a prison system, originated in New York, in which inmates worked and ate together during the day and then slept in solitary cells at night |
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Definition
| prison system, developed in new york during the ninteenth century, based on congregate (group) work during the day and sparation at night |
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Definition
| a prison system, developed in pennsylvania during the nineteenth century, based on total isolation and individual penitence |
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Definition
| system whereby officials sold the labor of prison inmates to private businesses, for use either inside or outside the prison |
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Term
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Definition
| contract system in which a private business leased prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assumed full repsonsibiltiy for their supervision and control |
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Definition
| the early release of a prisoner from incarceration subject to conditions set by a parole board |
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Term
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Definition
| the judicial policy of not interfering in the administrative affairs of prison |
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Definition
| view that convicted offenders are civtims of their environment who need care and treatment to be transformed into valuable members |
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Term
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Definition
| a county correctional institution used to hold people awaiting trial or sentencing, as well as misdemeanor offenders sentenced to a term of less than one year |
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Term
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Definition
| a state or federal correctional institution for the incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more; penitentiary |
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Term
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Definition
| a correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, including high walls, guard towers, and limited contact with the outside world |
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Term
| super-maximum-security prison |
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Definition
| a prison designed, constructed, and maintained to proved the greatest possible control of the most dangerous prisoners |
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Term
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Definition
| a correctinoal institution that houses nonviolent offenders, characterized by a less tense and vigialant atmosphere and more opportunitties for contact with the outside world |
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Term
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Definition
| a correctional institution that nonviolent offenders, characterized by few security measures and liberal furlough and visitation policies |
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Definition
| short prison sentence served under military discipline at a boost camp facility |
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Term
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Definition
| a short-term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates, usually young first-time offenders, undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline |
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Term
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Definition
| correctinal treatment services such as a halfway house, located within the community |
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Definition
| a community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so that they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society |
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Term
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Definition
| repretition of criminal behavior habitual criminality |
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Term
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Definition
| a regimented, dehumanizing institution, such as a prison, in which like-situated people are kept in social isolatoin, cut off from the world at large |
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Definition
| loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language |
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Definition
| informal set of rules that governs inmates and shapes the inmate subculture |
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Definition
| assimilation into the separate culture in the prison has its own rewards and behaviors |
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Definition
| a correctional client who requires special care and treatment, such as someone who is elderly, mentally ill, drug addicted, or AIDs-infected |
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Definition
| a prison program that allows inmates for recieve visits from spouses for the purpose of maintaining normal interpersonal relatinoships |
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Definition
| a prison treatment program in which inmates leave the institution to work in the community, sometimes returning to prison or another supervised facility at night |
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Definition
| the view that riots and other forms of collective prison ciolence occur when officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms |
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| administrative control theory |
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Definition
| the view that collective violence in prson may be caused by mismanagement, lack of strong security, and inadequate control by prison officials |
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Definition
| judicial policy of not interfering in the administrative afffairs of prison |
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Definition
| a specific right, such as the right to medical care or freedom of religion |
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Definition
| an inmate trained in law or other wise educated who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals |
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| cruel and unusual punishment |
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Definition
| treatment that degrades human dignity, is disproportionaltely sever, or shocks general conscience; prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the US Constitution |
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Definition
| early release of a prisoner from incarceration subject to conditions set by a parole board |
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Definition
| a release date determined at the beginning of the confinement period based on percentage of the inmate's sentence to be served. inmates cn have their expected time served increased if they violate prison rules or conditions |
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Term
| intensive supervision parole (ISP) |
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Definition
| a form of parole characterized by smaller caseloads and closer surveillance; it may include frequent drug testing or, in some casesl, electronic monitoring |
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