Term
| Utilitarianism (Consequentialism) |
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Definition
Rightness Of An Action Is Measured By
Consequences
Greatest Good To Greatest Number |
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Term
| Deontology (Non-consequentialism |
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Definition
Reviews A Situation Based On Rules
Consequences Are Not Taken Into
Consideration |
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Term
For alleged medical negligence to apply
and damages be awarded, four elements must be proven: |
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Definition
Is there a duty to the patient by the
technologist?
Was there a breach of duty by an act or failing to perform an act?
Actual proof of a compensable injury
Relationship between the injury and the breach of duty |
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Term
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Definition
Involves obtaining a patient’s
permission to perform a procedure
Generally utilized for noninvasive
procedures
Can be on a written form or
communicated orally |
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Term
|
Definition
Takes place in emergency situations
Patient’s decision-making capabilities are compromised
“Reasonable-person Standard”
Based on the decision a reasonable
person would make if he or she were
confronted with the same medical
situation |
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Term
|
Definition
Required when patient is subjected
to any type of invasive procedure
Hospitals and clinics should not rely
on the ordering physician to obtain
consent |
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Term
| Communication can be defined as the |
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Definition
| “process of creating meaning” |
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Term
| You cannot really transmit meaning—only... |
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Definition
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Term
| Estimates suggest that __% to __% of a message’s meaning is lost in transmission |
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Definition
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Term
| Possibly 90% of the meaning derived from communication comes form nonverbal cues |
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Definition
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Term
| Necessary information for CT exams |
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Definition
Signed consent form
Specific written order
Diagnosis pertinent to the procedure
Allergies-especially contrast
Laboratory Values
Medications
- Anticoagulants, sedatives, insulin, blood pressure meds, diuretics, and laxatives |
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Term
|
Definition
Aneuria
Chronic heart disease
Recent myocardial infarctions
Renal disease
Respiratory disease
Previous reaction to contrast
History of allergies |
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Term
| Anticoagulants are withheld if a... |
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Definition
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Term
Any patient receiving these have increased risks
of bleeding |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Warfarin (Coumadin) - Oral medication, blocks absorption of vitamin K
Heparin
– Injected, affects activity of thrombin to prevent clot formation |
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Term
| Generally, CT patients should fast at least |
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Definition
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Term
| Anticoagulants should be withheld if |
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Definition
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Term
| Antiplatlets are used for |
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Definition
| Pts with acute ischemic event in the brain or heart |
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Term
|
Definition
Acetylsalicylic Acid (Asprin)
Plavix (Clopidogrel) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Altepase
Streptokinase
Urokinase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pharmacologic agents producing a depressed level of consciousness and respiration |
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Term
| Two primary sedative types |
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Definition
Opioids - Strong respiratory depressants
- Demerol and Morphine
Benzodiazepines - Respiratory depressant
- Valium and Versed |
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Term
| Clotting value lab reports |
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Definition
Prothrombin Time (PT)
- Measures activity of coagulation in Plasma
- 11-14 seconds
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
- Blood substance that aids in conversion of other clotting factors
- 25 to 35 seconds
Platlets
- 150K-400K u/L
International Organized Ratio
- Evaluates the ability of blood to clot properly |
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Term
|
Definition
- Abnormal value associated with dehydration
- 7-25 mg/dl |
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Term
|
Definition
- High value associated with renal impairment
- .6-1.7 mg/dl |
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Term
| _____ _____ is a useful measurement for estimating the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys |
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Definition
Creainine Values
Result of this test is an important gauge used in
assessing excretory function of the kidneys |
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Term
| Creatinine Clearance Values |
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Definition
Normal: 90+
Moderate Function: 30-60
Poor Function: 15-30
Failure: Under 15 |
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Term
| True test for creatinine clearance |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Adults: 60-100/min
4-10yr: 95-100/min
Infant: 100-160/min |
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Term
|
Definition
Apical - With stethoscope
Temporal/Facial
Carotid
Radial
Brachial
Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
98.6 (+ or - 1 is normal)
Children slightly higher |
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Term
| 4 Temperature-taking sites |
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Definition
Oral
Tympanic
Rectal
Axillary |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Adult: 14-20 breaths/min
Child: 20-28 breaths/min
Infant: 30+/min |
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Term
| 1 breath per _ heart beats |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Nasal Cannula: 1-5 L/min (Adults)
Face Mask for 6 L+
- Necessary to eliminate CO2
- Humidity may be needed for high doses and long term use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure is measured with a |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Highest number at ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest number at ventricular relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
Systolic: 90-120
Diastolic: 60-80 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Systolic greater than 140
Diastolic greater than 90 |
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Term
|
Definition
Body's pathologic reaction to:
Illness
Trauma
Severe physical or emotional stress |
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Term
|
Definition
Decrease in Blood Pressure
Increase in Heart Rate
Rapid, shallow respirations
Mental status change |
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Term
|
Definition
Hypovolemic: Loss of blood, plasma, or prolonged loss of fluids
Cardiogenic - Failure of heart to pump adequately
Septic - Microorganisms in Blood
Anaphylatic - Allergic reaction to food, drug, or chemical
Neurogenic- induced by spinal cord injuries, severe pain, neurologic damage or extreme psychological stress
Vasovagal - Stimulation of Vagus nerve (10th) |
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Term
|
Definition
Most common in CT from iodinated contrast
Histamines released, contracts smooth muscles in respiratory tract
Symptons: Tightness in chest, itching, urticaria, chokeing, and wheezing
1st drug: Epinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
The heart rate drops (bradycardia) instead of tachycardia
Drug to counteract: Atropine |
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Term
| Diabetic Hypoglycemia Reaction |
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Definition
Abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood
Caused by an excess of insulin or oral hypoglycemic drug
Symptoms (Progressive)
- Hunger
- Nervousness & Irritability
- Tachycardia
- Profuse perspiration and clammy skin
- Slurred Speech
- Seizure
- Coma
Check chart for diabetes & call nurse/MD
Give some form of sugar |
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Term
|
Definition
Generic form of Glucophage, can be found in other diabetic medications
Withheld 48 hours after contrast
Binds to iodine and causes blood toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
Not enough insulin to process glucose
Hyperglycemic patient
Occurs more slowly than Hypoglycemia
Symptoms:
- Weakness, drowsiness, headache
- "Sweet" breath
- Orthostatic hypertension
- Warm dry skin
- Dry mucus membranes
- Polyuria
- Tachycardia
- Rapid, deep respirations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal pleural cavity pressure is less than atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| Result from increased pleural pressure (collapsed lung with free air) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lung filled with blood/fluid, preventing it from expanding |
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Term
|
Definition
Thoracotomy - Chest tube placement
- Used to remove air or fluid from chest cavity
Not kinked or twisted
Keep evacuation container lower than patient |
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Term
|
Definition
Needles are measured in gauge
- Smaller number = larger diameter
Catheters measured by French # (FR)
- Larger the # = Larger the # |
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Term
|
Definition
Designed to prevent airborne transmission of droplet nuclei or dust particles containing infectious agents
For Pt. documented or suspected of having:
- Measles
- TB
- SARS (+ Contact) |
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Term
|
Definition
Designed to prevent droplet (larger
particle) transmission of infectious
agents when the patient talks, coughs,
or sneezes |
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Term
|
Definition
Used to prevent transmission of organisms
from an infected patient through direct
(touching patient) or indirect (touching
surfaces or objects in the patient’s
environment) contact |
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Term
| Drug Nomenclature (Names) |
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Definition
Chemical - The chemical make-up
Generic - General name
- Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen
Proprietary – Brand
- Advil, Tylenol |
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Term
|
Definition
Classified C1-C5
- "C" stands for controlled substance
- Numbers show potential for abuse (lower number -- higher potential for abuse)
C1 = Illegal for Pt use
- May be obtained only thru the DEA for research and manufacture |
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Term
| Major Drug Classification |
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Definition
Cardiac Medications
- Antiarrhythmic
- Antihypertensive
- Diuretics
Blood Clotting
- Antiplatelet
- Anticoagulant
- Thromblitic
Endocrine
- Antidiabetic
- Thyroid |
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Term
| When was venipuncture mandatory for Rad. tech programs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Technique that inhibits the growth and
spread of pathogenic micro-organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process for the complete removal of all organisms and their spores |
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Term
Method of injecting iodinated CM will
vary according to: |
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Definition
– Vascular access available
– Type of examination
– Specific clinical indication |
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Term
|
Definition
- Whether the injection is performed by hand or with the use of a mechanical injector
– Contrast volume
– Flow rate at which the contrast will be injected
– The delay between injection and scanning
– Whether a saline flush is used |
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Term
| Vascular access may consist of: |
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Definition
- Standard indwelling peripheral catheter
- Central venous access devices (CVAD)
- Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) |
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Term
| Using an Established Indwelling Venous Catheter |
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Definition
• Evaluate the site for appropriateness for CM injection
• Verify the patency of the line with a saline flush
• If other medications are running, hang an additional bag of saline and connect it to an open port on the IV tubing
• Turn off existing medication only long enough to complete the injection
• Once the injection is completed, flush the line with saline and restart medications at the identical pre-examination rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| A venous catheter designed to deliver medications and fluids directly into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or right atrium |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long catheter that is inserted through the large veins of the upper arm and advanced so that its tip is located in the lower one third of the SVC |
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Term
| (T/F) PICC lines can handle contrast flow rates |
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Definition
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Term
| When no other options exist and the PICC must be used for CM injection |
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Definition
–Injection rate must be slowed
–Injection should be performed by hand bolus rather than by mechanical injector |
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Term
| Special PICC lines that are designed for contrast flow are known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Supplies for Venipuncture |
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Definition
Gloves
Tourniquet
Skin cleaner
Tape
Arm board or hard surface
IV catheters
Syringes of contrast and saline
Dry gauze or cotton
Band Aides |
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Term
| __% Bleach Solution will kill Blood Pathogens |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
•Obtain basic consent
•Use aseptic technique
•Use an indwelling catheter with flexible plastic cannula whenever a mechanical injector is used
Steps involved
–Assemble supplies
–Choose site
–Place the needle
–Secure site |
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Term
|
Definition
Hypodermic Needle
– For obtaining blood samples or single dose injection
Butterfly or Scalp
– Low dose
– Low injection rate
IV or Angio Catheter
– For pressure injectors
– Repeated use
– Continuous injections |
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Term
| Most common venipuncture site |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Stabilize vein by pulling skin in opposite direction of the stick
Insert needle bevel up
- 30 to 45 angle to skin
- When blood appears lower the needle until almost parallel to skin and advance ¼ inch more
Watch for Flashback or blood flow
- Release Tourniquet
- Secure Needle and Tubing
- Inject--Observe at all times |
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Term
|
Definition
1896
- Lead subacetate in digestive system of guinea pig (Toxic, no fucking shit)
- Thorastrast, radioactive, proved digestive tract could be visualized
1910
- Barium Sulfate (low cost, low toxicity, available)
1927
- Water-soluble iodinated contrast introduced (Cerebrovascular circulation studied |
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Term
|
Definition
1918
- Gas injected to study hydrocephalus |
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Term
| Methods of CM administration |
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Definition
Parenteral
- Injection into a vessel (Iodine)
Ingestion
- UGI & Small Bowel (Barium and/or iodine)
Retrograde
- Enema (Barium or Iodine)
- Cystogram (Iodine)
Intrathecal
- Myelogram (Air or Iodine) |
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Term
| IV agents increase the difference in attenuation between adjacent structures because... |
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Definition
Different tissues often enhance differently
Iodinated CM is handled differently in normal vs abnormal tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The # of particles in solution, per unit liquid, as compared with blood |
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Term
| High-osmolality agents (HOCM) may have as much as _ times the osmolality of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Low-osmolality agents (LOCM) have roughly _ the osmolality of blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Isosmolar agents (IOCM) have ___ ____ osmolality as blood |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Osmolality refers to the # of particles per ____ of _____ |
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Definition
| Kilogram of Water (Weight) |
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Term
| Osmolarity refers to the # of particles per ____ of ____ |
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Definition
| Liter of solution (Volume) |
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Term
| OsmolALITY and OsmolARITY are used interchangeably to describe |
|
Definition
Osmotic Activity
- Referring to the number of particles in the blood or extra-vascular fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Osmolality of Non-Ionic CM |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-Ionic CM is closer in # to blood so that... |
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Definition
| Less stress on system, less reactions |
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Term
| What is the primary factor in reactions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The goal concerning osmolality is to? Why? |
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Definition
Reduce osmolality
Nonionic molecules stay together, 3:1 ratio |
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Term
| Why is a higher ratio in CM important? |
|
Definition
| Same contrast, less reactions |
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Term
| Changes in osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
CM injected
- Increases vascular osmolality
Fluid is drawn from extra-vascular space and RBCs
- Dilutes contrast, some particles filtered out by kidneys
Vascular fluids become hypo-osmolar to extra-cellular fluid
- Fluids reverse, flow out of vascular system to extra-vascular space
Shifts may cause many of the problems associated with iodinated CM |
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Term
|
Definition
Ionic agents contain molecules that will form ions in solution
Nonionic agents contain molecules that do not dissassociate |
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