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Cultural Anthropology
all the sweet goodness that we have to know
66
Bible Studies
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2011

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Term
Define Innovation
Definition
– Culture change results from new ideas, and these new ideas result from the rearranging of old ideas...

Example: automobile industry, cars were invented a long time ago, but with new discoveries in technology we are able to progressively modify the car
Term
List Types of Culture Change-
Definition
• Diffusion

• Enculturation

• Acculturation

• Directed Change
Term
#1 type of CC (D)
Definition
•Diffusion – (Book) The spreading of traits from one culture to another

(Clark Wissler proposed this idea).

Example: Ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages
Term
2# type of CC (E)
Definition
•Enculturation – (Book definition) Learning the appropriate behavior of one’s own culture

(Wikipedia definition) process where the established culture teaches an individual in their culture the accepted norms and values.

Example: please and thank you; elevator/bus ride project .
Term
#3 type of CC (A)
Definition
•Acculturation – (Book definition): Learning of the appropriate behavior of one’s host culture/

(Wikipedia definition): the exchange of cultural features, which result from individuals of different cultures coming into continuous contact;

the cultural patterns of either group may be altered, but the groups remain distinct (Colonialism).

Example: Native Americans wearing European clothing.
Term
#4 type of CC (D)
Definition
•Directed Change –

Change in culture which is consciously sought and planned by someone from outside that culture.

Social planning.

4 Steps
- Definition of problem;
-Investigation of total situation;
- Agreement on Policy;
-Collective Action.

The objective of this process can be to solve existing social problems, or to forestall predicted ones.

The ones seeking that change are called “change agents.” Directed change can be forced, but it can also be offered an option.
Term
Marriage and Family patterns:
Various Marital residence patterns-
(N)(B) (A)---(P) (M)
Definition
Neo-local: new separate residents, Americans

Patri-local: the son stays with the family and the wife follows.

Matri-local: the daughter stays with the family.

Bi-local: either the patri or matri-local -- but it is not neo-local

Avuncu-local: when the son settles either near or with the mother’s brother.
Term
Define Endogamy-
Definition
A social rule requiring a person to select a mate within a culturally defined group of which both are members.

(Rules of marrying “in” the group)
Term
Define exogamy -
Definition
•Exogamy:

Requires potential mates come from different groups as defined by the culture.

(Rules of marrying “out” of the group)
Term
Further define exogamy - (S) and (R)
Definition
Simple Exogamy: prohibition of marrying a genetically related kinsman.

Restricted Exogamy:
1. prohibits marriage to certain genetically related kinsmen but.....

prescribes marriage to other genetically related persons, not considered kinsmen by the culture, as ideal.
Term
Define levirate
Definition
1. Widow must marry her brother-in-law.

2. Patrilineal societies, in order to continue the male line.

3. Hebrews in Bible followed this protocol.
Term
Define Sororate:
Definition
man must marry wife’s sister if he has no children yet. Matrilineal societies.
Term
define Bride Wealth -
Definition
A.K.A. Bride price, paid to the woman’s family.

Could also be exchanged for a bride service.

Ex: David and Michel.
Term
Define Bride Service -
Definition
Paying for a bride through services.

Old Testament example Jacob, Leah and Rachel.
Term
Define Nuclear families -
Definition
Immediate family, parents and children
Term
Define extended families -
Definition
consists of three generations and two or more nuclear families:

a set of parents who has a child staying in their home. This son or daughter also has a spouse and children.
Term
Define PolyGAMY -
Definition
: a family where there are multiple mates.
Term
Define PolyGYNY -
Definition
a man with more than one wife.
Term
Define Sororal PolyGYNY -
Definition
: marriage of a man to a woman and her sisters. Jacob, Leah, Rachel.
Term
Define PolyANDRY -
Definition
: a woman with more than one husband.
Term
Define Faternal PolyANDRY -
Definition
all brothers in a family share one wife.
Term
Define Serial Monogamy -
Definition
having several mates

one at a time over a course of time.

Men and women have legal sexual access to one another.
Term
Define and Explain Cross-cousins -
Definition
* Your dad’s sister’s children and your mom’s brother’s kids.

ex. given: Marriage of a man to the daughter of his mother’s brother.

So it has to be cross gender in the siblings.

If it is my mom then it would have to be her brother's children.

If it is my dad then it would have to be his sister's children.

It has nothing to do with my gender or the gender of my cousins. It deals corely with my mother or fathers gender and then deals in relation to the gender of their siblings.
Term
Define and Explain Parallel Coursins -
Definition
My dad's brother's children.

My mom's sister's children.

a man has first rights to the daughter of his father’s brother.

* Your dad’s brother’s children and your mom’s sister’s children
Term
Define Kinship -
Definition
the way a particular language group categorizes its relatives or kin:

they define it by

1. who they consider to be their relatives
2. the basis for the relationships
3. and what terms they use for them.
Term
Who developed Genealogy?
Definition
William H. Rivers in 1910
Term
What is Genealogy -
Definition
A tool to study the kinship system (and familial relationships) of other societies.
Term
Name the two Decent Rules -
Definition
1. Unilineal

2. Bilateral
Term
Define Unilineal decent groups and the three "rules" that form them -
Definition
1. Unilineal:
- individuals distinguish between maternal and paternal grandparents,
- they then associate primarily with one side, (look to that side for their inheritance)

their descent is referred to as unilateral descent.

-Patrilineal: Father’s line (both sexes included)

-Matrilineal: Mother’s line (both sexes included)

-Ambilineal: sequentially male line and female line.
Term
Define Bilateral decent groups -
Definition
refers to a kinship system in which people’s descent is traced through both parents.

- Descent pattern of our culture
Term
Define Affinal ties -
Definition
-Affinal: Kinship ties determined through marriage.
Term
Define Consanguineal ties
Definition
Consanguineal: kinship ties detrimed through Blood-related.
Term
Define Lineage -
Definition
A group of kin related by Unilineal (one side or the other) descent rule who can trace actual relationship to a common ancestor.
Term
Define Clan -
Definition
A consanguinity (blood) related group, patrilinial or matrilineal, believing it has descended from a common nonhuman ancestor.

Often share a common area of residence.

(Cannot work back to an actual lineage)

EX. so four brother. they each started a line. but the brothers were from a god.
Term
Define Phratry -
Definition
an Even larger group (than the clan)

It is composed of multiple clans.

Kinship Links between members unknown and/or assumed.

if a large number of clans in a society, then organized into larger groups.
Term
Define a Moiety -
Definition
4.Moiety: means “half” and it is the division of a society into two groups (two halves) (1/2 of a tribe).
Term
Define tribe -
Definition
5.Tribe: Share common territory, common language and have a sense of being one.
Term
Define the progressions from Lineage to clan to phratry to moiety to tribe.
Definition
1. Lineage (smallest)

Then a have a....

2. Clan (the clan is made up of several lineages)

then you have a....

3. Phratry (these several clans organized into larger groups)

then you have a...

4. Moiety (when there are several phratries they are grouped together, and there are two groups of Moieties "halves"

then you have a...

5. Tribe (this is two moieties put together)
Term
What are the two different types of stratified societies?
Definition
1. Egalitarian
2. Rank
Term
Define Egalitarian -
Definition
Only distinction is gender and age.

No special groups with greater access to economic resources, power, or prestige.

EX. (Communism)
Term
Define Rank -
Definition
(Most Stratisfied):

Unequal access to prestige, but not economics.

Determined by genealogical distance from Chief.

The closer you are, the higher your rank.

Exhibits most inequality.
Term
3 Different groups under Ranks -
Definition
-Class: Unequal access to prestige economy and power. (lower and higher classes)

-Open: Possibility to move from class to class-Achieved (America)

-Closed: Position ascribed from birth. Example: Caste system (India)
Term
Define Stratified -
Definition
layers) objective, referring to the arranging of layers. –there are separations (classes; upper, middle, lower) into society.
Term
Define Age Grades and Age Sets.
Definition
-Grades: Stages of life. A category of people based on their age. (i.e. Infants, toddlers, senior citizens…etc)

-Sets: The group moves together. A group of persons initiated into an age grade at the same time and who move the series of categories together.
Term
What the difference between the two -
Definition
-The Difference between the two: is the people move from age grade to age grade throughout life whereas people in age sets, stay in the same set.
Term
Define Religion -
Definition
Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power,

It encompasses all specific beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality

as well as the myths and rituals that symbolically express them.
Term
Define Malinowski's "functions of religious institutions"
Definition
1. It is psychological

2. It functions to meet the needs of individual.

a) Satisfies the need to know, (“where did we come from?”)
b) Supplies means for emotional support
c) Supplies clear-cut institutionalized ways of dealing with frightening uncertainties of life (follow rituals)
d) Provides cures for illnesses (psychosomatic)
Term
Define Radcliffe-Brown's "functions of religious institutions"
Definition
1. functions to meet the needs of society

a) reinforces fundamental value
b) Reduces conflict
c) Justifies political policy

side part------->

Ecological Function, (ALSO--functions to meet the needs of society.)

Examples-

a) Keeps fish from being exploited
b) Encourages food redistribution (Potlath example) – benefactor and a festival with food.
c) India’s sacred cows- kept them safe, they were protected.
Term
Name the 3 stages of rites and who they are associated with -
Definition
--- Genepp

1.Separation
2.Transition
3.Reincorporation- Marriage...
Term
define Ordeal -
Definition
When divination used to determine who is guilty of causing recent harm or death.

It is accomplished by subjecting suspected people to harm or death.
Term
List the three types of magic -
Definition
1. Imitative
2. Contagious
3. Cause and Effect
Term
list the characteristics of the three types of magic -
Definition
1.Imitative:
actions that bring desired results by imitation...(cave painting, Voodoo dolls, etc)- representation – like represents like

2.Contagious
(things in contact continue to influence one another)- nail clippings/feathers anything that was associated with that person….

3.Cause & Effect
(superstitions; “step on a crack and you break your mother’s back”)-
Term
List 6 forms of Divination -
Definition
1. Dice throwing
2. Reading cards
3. Astrology
4. Examining internal organs of certain animals
5. Watching smoke
6. Wrinkles in the hands (palm reading??)
Term
Define Worldview -
Definition
implicit basic assumptions and perceptions of reality (what it is and how it works) which underlie the beliefs, values and behaviors of a culture.
Term
List the 5 Characteristics of values-
Definition
1. form/function and meaning
2. means v. ends (“do the ends justify the means?)
3. real v. ideal (do we really believe in said value, or is simply an ideal)
4. ranking of values (some of our values are incompatible and come in to conflict from time to time, therefore we must rank...)
5. values guide behavior… are ranked. are personal/carry emotional charge as well.
Term
“we are each a bundle of values”
Definition
Marv Mayers
Term
“cultural themes”
Definition
-World view imprints THEMES into various domains of the culture. We are looking for recurring themes which help us deduce worldview.

comes from....

Morris Opler
Term
the psychological function of religion -
Definition
Malinowski
Term
- societal function of religion -
Definition
Radcliffe-Brown
Term
associated with the 3 states of rits of passage
Definition
Van Genepp
Term
– we are a bundle of values
Definition
Mayers
Term
developed genealogy system in 1910
Definition
William H. Rivers
Term
worldview imprints themes in culture
Definition
Opler
Term
ESSAYS
I. List the 4 types of unilineal descent groups (not rules) and explain the general characteristics of each (Tribe is not included in this answer).
Definition
The Four types------ (not tribe)

Lineage,clan, phratry, moiety.

General Characteristics------

a. Lineage: A group (line) of kin related by Unilineal (patri, matri, ambi.) descent rule who can trace actual relationship to a common ancestor

b. Clan: A consanguinity (related by blood) related group, patrilinial or matrilineal, believing it has descended from a common nonhuman ancestor. Often share a common nonhuman ancestor (so like a god) are of residence. (Cannot work back to an actual lineage)

c. Phratry: Even larger group composed of multiple clans (three different blood lines). Kinship Links between members unknown and/or assumed. if there are a number of clans in a society, they may be organized into larger groups.

d. Moiety: means “half” and it is the division of a society into two groups (1/2 of a tribe).
Term
ESSAYS
II. Define levirate and sororate marriage (give biblical examples of each) and tell me a possible cultural function of each.
Definition
Defintion -

Levirate- If the woman's husband dies than she must marry his brother/ her brother-in-law.

Sororate- If a man is still without children (his wife is infertile) or his wife has died, then he must marry her sister.

Biblical Examples-
Levirate - Judah and Tamar, also Hebrews in Bible followed this protocol.

Sororate- Jacob, Rachel and Leah

Cultural functions-

Levirate: Patrilineal societies, Mechanism for continuing family in order to continue on the male line/name.

Sororate: Matrilineal societies. For keeping the wealth in the family.
Term
ESSAYS
III. What is the difference between psychological functionalism and structural functionalism? Be sure to mention the names associated with each theory.
Definition
Thesis for essay-
- physcological functionalism functions to meets the needs of an individual where structural functionalism functions to meets the needs of a society as a whole.

(Then add Psychological…points….structural…put points.)

Psychological Functionalism,
Malinowski, functions to meet the needs of an individual. to Satisfy their need to know, (“where did we come from?”) Supplies means for emotional support and clear-cut ways of dealing with frightening uncertainties of life. Also provides cures for illnesses (psychosomatic)


Structural Functionalism:
Radcliffe/Browns, functions to meet the needs of society.
Examples:
1. Social Cohesion/Solidarity, reinforces fundamental value, Reduces conflict, Justifies political policy

2. Ecological Functionalism
Keeps fish from being exploited, Encourages food redistribution (Potlath example), India’s sacred cows
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