Term
| The definition of poverty |
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Definition
| - deprivation of basic capabilities |
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Term
| Explain "crisis of overproduction" and give examples |
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Definition
- industrialization and technology led to “crisis of over production” (blamed on stock market crash, globalization)
- political, economic and social changes encouraged consumerism to deal with the crisis of over production
- Examples of the consequences
o Department stores
o Advertising
o Fashion (but for style, not need)
o Business schools
o New ideology of pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
- Historically, a limiter ability to extract and use resources limited consumption
- Religious and other belief systems promoted frugality
- Industrialism gave rise to a consumer culture |
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Term
| Explain the census of consumption |
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Definition
- when even the government promoted home ownership
- Examples could be...
- house sizes in the US are increasing
- there are not enough 6,000+ ft2 houses for those who want to buy them
- 2,000 ft2 houses built in the 1980’s are being bulldozed because they are too small |
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Term
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Definition
- incorporating into a product features that will almost certainly go out of favor in a short time, thereby inducing the consumer to purchase a new model of the product. Placing sweeping tail fins on an automobile was an example of planned obsolescence
- another example is computers and cell phones |
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Term
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Definition
- buying unnecessary and expensive products and services as a way to show off wealth
- Example could be a Hummer |
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Term
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Definition
- non- governmental organizations
- non- Profit
- address issues government and business don’t address, won’t address- Watch dog
- organize voices not heard through politics or money
- DIFFERS FROM MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS |
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Term
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Definition
- Docter's without borders is one example
- environment
- education, Science
- charity (alleviate poverty)
- Civil and Human rights
- health |
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Term
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Definition
Have four levels of interests...
- employees/ volunteers (committed to cause because pay isn’t very much)
- officers/ managers (academics/ activists)
- board of directors (Wealthy, well- known or committed)
- donors/members (Want to see positive change) |
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Term
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Definition
- NGO’s may be too selective, narrow
- transparency poor
- many countries now restricting NGO activities
- academia calling for greater transparency and accountability
- binding contracts with governments may expose NGOs to undue political pressure
- some nations see NGO independence as a threat to their policies |
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Term
| Definition of Anthropology |
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Definition
| - the study of human nature, human society, and the human past |
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Term
| Explain Biological Anthropology |
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Definition
| - the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, primatology, paleaoanthropolgists, medical, and forensic |
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Term
| Explain Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
- a subdiscipline of anthropology concerned with the non-biological, behavioral aspects of society; ie the social, linguistic, and technological components underlying human behavior.
- two important branches of cultural anthropology are ethnography (the study of living cultures) and ethnology (which attempts to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence) |
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Term
| Explain field work and anthropology |
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Definition
- cultural anthropology is rooted in fieldwork, an anthropologist's personal, long- term experience with a specific group of people and their way of life
- they get to know the people as individuals not "data sets" |
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Term
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Definition
- can be defined as a cultural anthropology of the human past, involving the analysis of the material remains of earlier human societies
- Learn of human history and prehistory- the stretch of time before writing |
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Term
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Definition
| - the study of human language in the cultural context |
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Term
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Definition
- early anthropologits used objective knowledge: undistorted, and thus universally valid knowledge about the world
- they felt free to apply scientific methods in any area of anthropology from stone tools to religion to the plantets to sex, and through these efforts they would produce a genuine "Science of Man" |
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Term
| Define modernism and what is criticized about it |
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Definition
- modernism is viewed in terms of liberation from outdated traditions thta prevent poeple from building better lives for themselves and their children
- critics say that it in itself is culture bound to a specific kind of "progress" meaning that it has mean an increase in economic poverty and envirmental degradation and the ruining of culture because it clashes with this kind of "progress" |
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Term
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Definition
- the criticism of modernism, accompanied by an active questioning of all the boundaries and catergories that modernists set up as objectively true
- postmodernists point out that people occupying powerful social positions often are able to pass off their own cultural or political prejidices as universal truths, while dismissing or ignoring alternative views held by powerless groups |
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Term
| Define applied anthropology |
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Definition
| - using methods and findings from every subfield of anthropology to address problems in the contemporary world |
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Term
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Definition
- unlike chimps, human culture depends on symbols
- what makes them distinct from other forms of representation is that there is no necessary link between the symbol and that which it stands for, it is controversal and arbitrary
- only with human beings do we find a species whose survival depends on its reliance on learned, shared traditions that are symbolically encoded |
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Term
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Definition
- Management Based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge
- a conscious form of ecological knowledge held by indigenous people about the land, the sea, and their resources, embodying notions of property rights ownership, and management
- subsistence hunting central within contemporary lifestyle
- wild game central to contemporary ceremonial events (funerals, name- givings, weddings, annual feasts) |
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Term
| Explain indigenous wildlife management and the conflicts |
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Definition
Management includes...
- conservation
- meeting needs of entire tribal community
- need driven
Conflicts...
- different management for tribal/ non- tribal hunting is "discriminatory"
- managment for individual opportunity is not appropriate, it suppresses the culture |
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Term
| Explain the conflicts on the imposing western management on indifenous communities |
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Definition
- impact of short season because they have nneds throughout the year
- stockpiling for future is unacceptable
- hunting is ceremonial process
- impact of bad limits effect them because they have needs beyong individual consumption |
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Term
| Explain TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) |
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Definition
- may be embedded in religious beliefs and so inaccessible to non- members
- may be disregarded, denigrated by science
- example is "potato plot proven" |
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Term
| Explain resource competition |
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Definition
- natural resources are allocated along patterns of power
- globalization leads to interest in faraway resources
- the global ecology assumes locals can't manage resources as they lack proper understanding
- rich countries impose own ecological values on poor countries
- poor countries cannot safegaurd their natural resoucres unless they can strengthen their economies
- planning and development is done by foreigners and poor countries accept what is an offer |
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Term
| Explain community based collaboration |
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Definition
- it brings diverse stakeholders together to work towards a shared vision for their communities and landscapes using consensus- based decision- making
- often on public lands |
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Term
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Definition
- it is a process for discovering, or building, shared values, goals, and visions
- increase knowledge and understanding through sharing existing information, learning from participants, educating the public, and joint research and fact-finding to reduce uncertainty |
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Term
| Explain collaborative learning |
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Definition
- it is using many types of knowledge and information to inform
- has a flexible process |
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Term
| Discuss the critiques of collaboration |
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Definition
- time consuming
- unprepresentative of broader public
- privilege local interests over national interests |
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Term
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Definition
| - it is the attitude, spirit and willingness of people to engage in collective, civic activities. Over time, social capital builds what may be termed as social infrastructure |
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Term
| Explain the "digital divide" |
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Definition
| - the perceived growing gap between those who have access to and the skills to use technology and those who, for socio-economic and/or geographical reasons, have limited or no access |
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Term
| Explain Alaska Beluga Whale Committe (ABWC) |
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Definition
- an organization detecated to prtecting the Beluga Whale.Formed proactively in 1988 and their mission is to Adequate subsistence harvest and help in Protecting the hunting privileges for Native Alaskan subsistence hunters
- The reps are made up of Native leaders and people from the the ADF agency
- They also do research in Gentics, tagging, and sattlite servalence of the migration path ways |
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Term
| Explain the perspective on tourism |
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Definition
| - some people feel that Tourism can be good for the culture and help build a stable community, but for the natives of the land sometimes they feel that their culture is being invaded and is taking part in assimilition |
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Term
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Definition
| - a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania |
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Term
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Definition
| - hostility that results in active resistance, opposition, or contentiousness |
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Term
| Define relative deprevation |
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Definition
| - the perception of an unfair disparity between one's situation and that of others |
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Term
| Explain the types of tourists |
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Definition
| - explorers (adapt fully) elite (fully adapt and fuly accept the local community) offbeat (somewhat adapt) U.S. incipient mass (they want both western and indigenous culture) mass (expecting western culture) and charter (demand western culture) |
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Term
| Explain State Political Interests in Tourism |
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Definition
- need stability and safety for tourists
o security, policing
o tourist needs over local population
o suppression of essential political expression
- generate foreign exchange
o foreign cash dollars share up nations currency reserves
o keep balance of payments favorable
- imports and exports leveling out
- credit and investment available and attractive tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| - the system by which one currency is exchanged for another; enables international transactions to take place |
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Term
| Explain the IMF (Internation Monetary Fund) |
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Definition
| - an international financial agency that is affiliated with the United Nations and has as goals the stabilization of foreign exchange rates, lowering of trade barriers, and correction of trade imbalances among countries. The IMF, which was established in 1944, works with countries much as a credit counselor works with individuals having financial difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| - an international bank established in 1944 to help member nations reconstruct and develop, esp. by guaranteeing loans: a specialized agency of the United Nations |
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Term
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Definition
World Bank Projects (Nepal Project).
- cost $1.1 Billion
- produce 200 megawatts for urban areas
- required 100% increase in electricity tariff for whole country
- annual per capita income (1994) 170$
- annual budget for country 500$ mil
- did not plan for adequate compensation of indigenous people who would be dislocated
- French and Italian competition would build dam, using unskilled local labor
-Arun III did not proceed, but many other projects have
- result is debt for countries
- increased infant mortality, unemployment deteriorating schools and general health and welfare problems
- may borrow more money to pay off interest |
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Term
| Explain some travel restrictions |
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Definition
- landing rights (explane)
- visas
- selection of destinations promoted
- trade barriers |
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Term
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Definition
- tourists want familiar franchises, westernized surroundings (McDonalds)
- major tour company: MCNs= 47%
- guides: NNCs= 7%
- less than 10 cents from each dollar to the local community (90% of profits leave country)
- no real assistance to balance of payments for small, underdeveloped country
o reverses multiplier effect |
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Term
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Definition
- locally produced food
- hotels, restaurants locally owned
- tours locally owned and operated
- souvenir shops contain locally made items |
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Term
| Explain Idealized Cultural Encounter |
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Definition
- culture and environments supply side of tourism
- ethnic tourism is the fastest growing sector
- power of marketing and image creation
- corporate- controlled fantasies
- manufactured culture
- manipulation of symbols
- misinformation about local traditions and practices
- no information to interpret poverty, crime, prostitution, child labor, begging
o condemned as local immorality
o products of tourism and other aspects of the world economy |
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Term
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Definition
| - to present local people as happy accommodating, masking local resentments |
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Term
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Definition
| - responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environmental and sustains the well being of the people |
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Term
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Definition
- (ecotourism)
- is a way that a tourist destination makes it self appear enviromental friendly when eally they are jsut covering up their mistakes
- not changing sheets every day or recycling water and other resources |
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Term
| Explain Foundation for Clean Air Progress (FCAP) |
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Definition
- formed to represent polluting industries
- purpose is to lobby against clean air act |
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Term
| Explain the World Ecotourism Summit |
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Definition
- World Ecotourism Summit and UN’s International Year of Ecotourism
- promoted tourism and tourism industry
- did not allow public input
- indigenous people were criticized for trying to voice concerns |
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Term
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Definition
| - the Quandamooka Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (QLC) was established in 1990 and incorporated in 1991 to represent the views of traditional owners and people with historical association to Moreton Bay and Minjerriba (North Stradbroke Island). It plays an active role in statutory planning processes covering land and sea management and mining operations on Minjerriba and Moreton Bay |
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Term
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Definition
| - Mendi, Papua New Guinea, is the provincial capital of the Southern Highlands Province, and is also the name of one of the seven districts of that province |
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Term
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Definition
| - the Huli are an Indigenous people that live in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. They number over 65,000 and have been living in the area for at least 600 years. They speak Huli, Tok Pisin, and English |
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Term
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Definition
| - a group of Eskimos inhabiting northern Alaska along the Bering, Chukchi, and Arctic coasts, and some distance inland |
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Term
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Definition
| - the Gwich'in (sometimes rendered as Kutchin or Gwitchin), literally "one who dwells", are a First Nation people who live in the northern part of North America |
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Term
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Definition
- the Melpa (also spelled Medlpa) are some of the first Papuans that tourists and visitors to the island of New Guinea see when they step off planes arriving in Mount Hagen. (The Melpa are often called "Hageners.") The Melpa frequent the airport, offering modern "stone axes," colorful string bags, and other artifacts for sale. Some of them also provide taxi and bus service to the local hotels and guest houses.
The Melpa are a highland group. Until 1933 (when Europeans arrived in the highlands) New Guinea had been unknown to the outside world. Conversely, the highlanders had never before seen people who lived beyond their mountain valleys and plains. |
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Term
| Explain the epiphenomenal conservation vs. "The Ecologically Noble Savage" |
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Definition
- epiphenomenal conservation is when the population is so poor that no matter what they do, they won't effect anything negitivly or positivly
- "The Ecologically Noble Savage" is an individual or group of individuals that try and westernize themselves within their tribes to adapt more to the modern changes |
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Term
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Definition
| - people want to reap the benefits of opening new businesses but have to hire people to get it done |
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Term
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Definition
| - fully adapt adn fully accept the local community |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain explorer tourists |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain U.S. incipient mass tourists |
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Definition
| - they want both western and indigenous culture |
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Term
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Definition
| - expecting western culture |
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Term
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Definition
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