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| condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound |
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| condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup |
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| a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
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| a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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| a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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| the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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| a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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| Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
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| the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues |
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| when this brain part is stimulated, we want to eat; produces orexin |
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| Ventromedial hypothalamus |
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Definition
| when this brain part is stimulated, it depresses hunger |
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| hunger-dampening chemical |
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| the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set |
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| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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| an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
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| an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
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| the four stages of sexual responding described by Master and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
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| a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
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| a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
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| a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males |
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| the most important of the male sex hormones; in males more than females |
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| an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex |
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| Fraternal birth order effect |
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Definition
| the odds of homosexuality increase as more sons are born |
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Definition
| found that cell clusters in the hypothalamus of homosexuals were larger than those of heterosexuals |
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| anterior cingulate cortex |
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Definition
| Ostracism stimulates what part of brain, which feels physical pain? |
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| conducted experiment telling people they will be either alone in life or will have lots of rewarding relationships |
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| a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills |
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| subjective sense of mutual obligations between workers and employers |
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| Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology |
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| the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
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| a subfield of I/O psych that focuses on an employee, recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
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| Organizational psychology |
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| a subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change |
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Definition
| any enduring quality that can be productively applied |
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| first step to a stronger organization is using a strengths-based selection system |
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| interviewers think they are better at interviewing people than they really are |
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| interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
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Definition
| peer, customer, self, subordinate, and supervisor rating |
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Definition
| one's overall evaluation of an employee is tainted because of evaluating work-specific behaviors based on a trait |
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| Leniency and severity errors |
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Definition
| evaluator's tendencies to be too easy or harsh on everyone |
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| raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior |
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| a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard |
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| goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
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| group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support |
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Definition
| if given the chance to voice their opinion during a decision-making process, people will respond more positively to the decision |
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| a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience |
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| theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
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| theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion |
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| Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
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| emotional release that relieves aggressive urges |
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| Feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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| self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with the measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life |
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| Adaption-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, lights, income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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| the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
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| an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease |
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| a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
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| certain events that cause the stress |
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Definition
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
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| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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Definition
| the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries |
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