What type of tissue lines most of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? 

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,

with goblet cells

aka: "respiratory epithelium" 

Cartilage in the larynx:

A. is made up of 16-20 C-shaped rings

B. helps make phonetic sounds

C. serves as a valve to prevent food from entering the trachea

D. A and B only

E. B and C only 

E. B and C only

hyaline cartilage in the trachea is made up of 16-20 C-shaped rings that keep the lumen open

True or False:

Bronchioles have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucosa. 

True  

-only scattered goblet cells within eptihelium of initial segments

- bronchioles also lack lymphoid tissue 

What change is noted in the epithelium as you move from larger bronchioles to smaller terminal ones? 

In the larger bronchioles, the epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified columnar, which decreases in height and complexity to become ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium in the smaller terminal bronchioles.

- a bronchiole is an interlobular airway with a diameter of 5 mm or less

Smooth muscle and fenestrated cartilage cylinders are found in the walls of what part(s) of the respiratory tract?

 bronchi 

Where are Clara cells found?

What do they do? 

They are found in the epithelium of terminal bronchioles.

They are non-ciliated columnar cells that secrete protective glycosaminoglycans. 

Alveoli are found in the walls of what structure(s)? 

Respiratory bronchioles (intermittently)

and Alveolar Ducts (continuously) 

What type of respiratory cells secrete surfactant?

Type 2 pneumocytes

- these are found in groups of 2 or 3, interspersed among the more prevelant Type 1 pneumocytes. 

- Type 1 pneumocytes contribute to the two-cell thick air-blood barrier in the alveolar septae.

What zones of chondrocytes are seen in the epiphyseal growth plate during endochondral ossification? 

Resting zone

Proliferative

Maturing

Hypertrophy

Ossification 

What makes up the Tunica Fibrosa of the eye? 

The Tunica Fibrosa (or outer layer)

is comprised of the sclera (whitish) and the 

the cornea (transparent) 

What makes up the Vascular layer of the eye?

The vascular (or middle layer) is made up of the choroid,

the ciliary body (a widening of the choroid adjacent to the lens),

and the iris (a projection of the choroid that partially covers the lens, leaving room for the pupil).

What part of the eye is responsible for constriction of the pupil?

Dilation? 

Constriction occurs via parasympathetic innervation in response to bright light or to improve focus - constrictor muscle is the sphinctor pupillae of the inner iris.

Dilation of the pupil occurs via sympathetic innervation in response to fear or pain or dim light.

Dilator muscle in the stroma (myoepithelial cells)

of the iris; dilator pupillae. 

Which cells secrete aqueous humor?     

Constituent cells of the ciliary processes 

Where are transparent crystallin proteins found? 

In the lens fibers of the lens (posterior to the epithelium)

In what layer are the rods and cones of the eye? 

Rods and cones are located in the outer layer of the retina.

- Light first passes through the ganglion cells (closest to the vitreous body), then bipolar neurons, before it hits the rods and cones. 

Which visual pigment is sensitive to RGB light? 

Iodopsin

-found in Cones 

What is the smallest bone in the body?

The Stapes

-one of 3 ossicles of the middle ear 

-incus and malleus are the other 2