Term
| Bowlby's ethological (evolutionary) explanation of formation of attachment |
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Definition
| instinctive, maintain closeness, enhances survival, "felt" security |
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Term
| Learning Theory View of attachment |
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Definition
| associate mom with food, learn to love mom |
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Term
| Cognitive-Developmental Theory of attachment |
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Definition
the ability to form attachments depends partly on infant's lvl of cog. dev.
timing of emotional attachments related to infant's emotional dev.
"to love you, i mist know you will always be there |
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Term
| Harlow's monkey support ethological view bc... |
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Definition
| prefer mother that gives comfort rather than food -- "felt" security |
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Term
Stages of Attachment Formation
1 |
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Definition
| Pre-attachment (0-2m) - no pref for caretaker |
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Term
Stages of Attachment Formation
2 |
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Definition
| Attachment in the making (3-7m) show preferences for familiar caretaker; develop expectations about parent |
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Term
Stages of Attachment Formation
3 |
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Definition
| Clear cut attachment (8-18m) show clear prefs for caretaker; stranger anxiety; seperation protest; secure base (caretaker is safe) |
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Term
Stages of Attachment Formation
4 |
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Definition
| Reciprocal Relationships (2y+) reduction seperation/stranger anxiety; understand parent's goals bc of better cognitive and language skills (parent isnt leaving, will come back) |
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Term
| 4 styles of attachment (stranger anxiety test) Type B |
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Definition
Secure attachment (70%)
actively explores room with mom
upset by seperation when mom leaves
greets mom at reunion
interacts with stranger if mom present |
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Term
| 4 styles of attachment (stranger anxiety test) Type C |
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Definition
Anxious & resistant/Ambivalent (10-15%)
insecure attachment
unwilling to explore with mom
distressed at spereation (more than securely attached)
ambivalent at reunion with mom
wary of strangers |
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Term
| 4 styles of attachment (stranger anxiety test) Type A |
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Definition
Anxious & Avoidant (10-15%) Insecure attachment
avoids/unresponsive to mom
not distressed at seperation
avoid at reunion with mom
dont seek mom for comfort |
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Term
| 4 styles of attachment (stranger anxiety test) Type D |
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Definition
Disorganized (5%)
confused/contradictory behaviors
dazed appearance |
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Term
| How does parenting style and temperament affect attachment? Most important... |
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Definition
Parental style
Sensitive Care -- Secure B
consistent and responsive to child's needs; child develops faith in parent
insensitive care
over controlling-- avoidant A; child wants to get away
under controlling -- Resistant C; inconsisent to responding to child
rejecting -- Avoidant A
child temperament always less important |
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Term
| Diffs in attachment related to other child outcome measures... |
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Definition
attachment status matters
SECURE -- better emotional regulation, future relationships, persistence in PS |
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Term
| Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Child Dev. |
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Definition
EX. WWII children w/o mothers at risk, secure relationship needed for healthy psychological dev; looking at children in retrospect
examined adolescence (lots of problems |
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Term
Long-term seperation conclusions Moms WWII
degree of problems affected by |
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Definition
length of deprivation
presence of other stressors
quality of alternative care received
age of adoption or better care |
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Term
Tizard v Romanian orphanages
diff between poor and high quality |
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Definition
Tizard - institutioalized children, good quality orphanage
Late: most insecure attach. with adoptive parents, more disobedient, more emotionally troubled
studied early (<4.5y) v late (>4.5y) adoptees
early: most had secure attach. w/ adoptive parents, intellectually normal, socially outgoing |
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Term
Tizard v Romanian orphanages
diff between poor and high quality |
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Definition
Romanian Orphanages (poor quality)
many adopted kids showed attach. disorders (disinhibted attach.)
some formed no attachment, a lot with insecure attach.
parents reported being scared of kids |
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Term
| Rutter: Romanian Kids and Disinhibited Attachment |
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Definition
Disinhibited attach. -- lack of close confiding relationships
indiscriminate friendliness
respond to adults fairly indiscriminately
fail to use adult as secure base
may go off with strangers |
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Term
| Goza: Examined post-adoption outcomes |
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Definition
20% challenged kids - dev delays/no progrs
60% wounded wanderers - dev delays/substantial progress
20% resilient - no delays |
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Term
| Sensitive window for attachment |
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Definition
6m - 5y
depends on if condition, and severity |
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Term
Infant Facial Expressions
1st year |
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Definition
| universal basic emotions; happiness, interest, surprise, fear sadness, disgust |
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Term
Infant Facial Expressions
Positive emotions present in 1st year |
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Definition
social smiling (6-7w)
smiling at familiar people (7m)
laughter (3-4m) |
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Term
Infant Facial Expressions
Negative emotions in 1st year |
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Definition
generalized distress first emotion to emerge
fear (1m)
sadness and anger (2m)
seperation anxiety (8m)
in early school, negative emotions are less intense and increase thru adolescence; depression |
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Term
| What are self-concious/complex emotions? |
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Definition
shame, embarrassmen, pride
emotions that require a self-concept (18-24m) |
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Term
| How does emotional self-regulation change thru childhood? |
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Definition
Infants - parents help regulate; self soothe at 6m
preschool (behavioral strats) distract themselves
Middle/adolescence (cognitive strats)
problem centered and emotion centered coping |
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Term
| Child are liked by peers and more well adjusted when |
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Definition
| can ER, delay gratification and use cogn methods to control emotions and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| o Cultural norms that dictate that we not only suppress whatever unacceptable emotions we are experiencing, but also replace them outwardly with whatever feeling the display rule calls for (ex. Smiling despite disappointing bday present) |
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Term
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Definition
| constitutionally based individual diffs in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self regulation |
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Term
| 6 dimensions of infant temperament |
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Definition
o Fearful distress: wary, distressed, and withdrawal in new situations
o Irritable distress: fussy, crying, shows distress when desires frustrated
Frustration anger
o Positive affect: frequency of smiling, laughing, cooperation (sociability)
o Activity level: amount of gross motor activity
o Attention span/persistence: length of time child orients to and focuses on object or event
o Rhythmicity: regularity/predictability of bodily function such as eating, sleeping, bowel |
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Term
| Types of Temperament proposed by Thomas and CHess |
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Definition
individual diffs in emotional reactivity
Temperament (personality) --
Easy babies 40%
difficult babies 10%
slow to warm babies 15% |
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Term
| How stable is temperament? |
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Definition
Moderately stable overtime
70% of diff infants had behavioral probs in middle chilhood
more stable after 3y |
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Term
| Genetic influence on temperament |
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Definition
appear early
heritability - 40% varies by emotion, age
Associated with psychological reactions |
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Term
| Environmental influences on temperament |
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Definition
parents modulate kids temperament
"goodness of fit" bw parent and child
cultural diffs |
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Term
| Relation bw temperament and behavior |
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Definition
| Temperament linked to social competence and adjustment |
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Term
| Kagan longitudinal temperament study |
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Definition
examined kids w/ temperament extremes (extremely shy or extremely bold)
4-23y
Bold (extreme 15%) negative, impulsive and unregulated 4y @ 23y -- poor peer relations, diff partners and roommates, trouble with law
Shy, behaviorally inhibited 4y @ 23y -- experience anxiety, depression and phobias, delay in relationship formation and employment |
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Term
What affects does puberty timing have?
Boys v Girls |
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Definition
Boys
Early: more confident, sociable, responsible
Late: more anxious, attn. seeking, lower aspirations
Girls
Early: less popular, more anxiety, more risk-taking behaviors (sex, alchohol, drugs) depression
Late: no significant difference |
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Term
Measuring Puberty
Tanner Stages |
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Definition
measure physical dev
used to assess the pubic status of both genders
use picture (simple drawings) that show dev
dont have to talk, just point to picture |
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Term
Measuring Puberty
Hormonal development |
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Definition
Measures hormones
adrenal and gonadal hormones
most invasive, not best mehtod
lots of variation in level of hormones, doesnt really say where child is developmentally |
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Term
| How do self-conceptions/self-description change from childhood through adolescence? |
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Definition
Descriptions of self
Childhood: will describe activities, skills, preferences
Adolescence: psychological characteristics about self |
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Term
| Changes in self-concept early adolescence |
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Definition
11-14y
not concerned with contradiction in self
personal fable
imaginary audience - concern that everyone is watching them |
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Term
| Changes in self-concept mid adolescence |
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Definition
15-17y
conflicted over self contradictions
Who am I?? |
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Term
| Changes in self-concept late adolescence |
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Definition
resolve contradictions
clear sense of identity |
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Term
| Why is adolescence a critical time for self-concept formation? |
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Definition
Puberty
social changes - entering new schools, sexual peer relations
cognitive changes - abstract thinking abilities, anticipate future |
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Term
| Marcia's 4 identity statuses |
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Definition
ego-identity problem
identity diffusion - "I haven't thought about it much"
identity foreclosure - "its just how i grew up"
identity moratorium - "Im not sure what I believe" - where identity crisis comes from
identity achievement - "I know what I believe and what I dont" |
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Term
| Characteristics of adolescent risk taking behavior |
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Definition
early sex - more partners, less condoms/info, risk of STI and pregnancy
factors contributing to early sex:
early puberty, poverty, little parental monitoring, peer group norms/attitudes
more likely to substance abuse
adolescents view themselves as invulnerable; more likely to make decisions based on immediate results
impulsive- poor decision making skills, frontal lobe dev |
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Term
| COntributors to risk taking behavior |
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Definition
puberty (androgens) boost sex drive
conflicted societal view of sex- parents/adults "hush hush" vs. media "sex centered" |
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Term
| Self-esteem changes in childhood |
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Definition
High - early; positive parental feedback, egocentric
Drops - in elementary school; social comparisons become more realistic
4th gr on - incerases; temporary declines during transitions |
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Term
Discounting
Parental Support |
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Definition
High SE tend to discount importance of areas their not good in
Low SW tend to value things they're bad at and discount things they're good at
High SE have high parental support |
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Term
Mastery oriented attribution
Learned Helplessness |
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Definition
success -- own ability
failure -- factors they can control
Failure -- own ability
Success -- external factors |
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Term
| Stages of Gender Constancy |
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Definition
Gender labeling- 2-3y; tell if boy o girl
gender constancy 7y - gender permanent
Gender stability- 3-5y; recognize gender is constant, but can change gender appearance by changing behavior/appearance
Gender constancy - 7y; gender permanent |
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Term
Gender identity in middle childhood
M v F |
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Definition
males adopt masculine role
females ID with feminine role declines |
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Term
| Gender identity in adolescence |
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Definition
| gender intensification - increased gender stereotyping -- moves one toward traditional gender identity |
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Term
Explanations of sex-typed behavior
Environment + cognition + biology |
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Definition
| SCLT, CDT (Kohlberg), GST, biology, environment |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Learning theory |
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Definition
mechanisms of gender development are reinforcement and punishment; use observational learning
Parents teach gender roles by buying gender "appropriate" toys, select gender activities, differential expectations
Children dont blindly imitate same-sex models
boys care, imitate more than girls
gender appropriate behavior
older children imitate more
inadequate bc says children are selective in what they imitate and not til 6y |
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Term
| COgnitive Development Theory |
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Definition
Kohlberg
Gender knowledge (identity) leads to sex typed behavior
predicts: sex-typed behavior after gender constancy (7y)
Problem: sex typed behaviors occur early (2-3y) |
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Term
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Definition
Environment -- gender identity and gender schemas --- sex typed behavior
Predicts: gender labeling will lead to sex typed behavior; children atend to gender consistent info and forget gender inconsistent info
early labeler (18m) v late (27m) |
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Term
Biology in Sex Typed Behaviors
Humans? |
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Definition
Animal studies w/ prenatal androgens affected both male and female rats
increased activity level
incrased male sexual behavior
increased aggression
decreased maternal care
Congenital andrenal hyperplasia - lack of enzyme; girls may have trouble menstruating, male looking genitals
boys may hit puberty at 2-3y, large penis, small testes, well developed muscles
both will have excess hair growth and deep voice |
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Term
Biology in sex typed behavior
high levels of mle hormones during preg |
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Definition
girls tend to show male sex typed behavior
boys - no effect |
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Term
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Definition
low does of male hormone during pregnancy
males appear "feminine" in appearance, prefs and abilities |
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Term
| How does evolutional theory explain gender role development? |
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Definition
Contends that men and women faced diff evolutionary pressures over the course of human history and that natural selection conspired to create fundamental diffs bw males and females that determined gender division of labor
Males and females differ in any domain in which they have faced different adaptive problems throughout history |
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Term
| Criticisms of Evolutionary theory of Gender Role Dev |
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Definition
Only deals with sex differences that are consistent across cultures and largely ignores diffs that are limited to particular cultures
Social roles hypothesis – psychological sex diffs arose from variations in roles that cultures assign to men and women and agreed upon socialization practices to promote traits in boys and girls |
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Term
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Definition
Hostile – with purpose of hurting someone; Increases with age; Increases cognitive ability to infer other’s intentions; Characteristic of boys
Instrumental – to achieve goal
Peaks @ 4y; Start to learn alternatives
Teachers become less tolerant
Relational – with purpose of hurting someone thru damage to social relations
Ex. Rumors, friendship exclusion, Facebook, Twitter
Characteristic of Girls |
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Term
| How does aggressiveness change developmentally? |
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Definition
Younger children use aggression to achieve goals
Elem school children motivated by hostility
Antisocial behavior begins to occur in some
Serious acts of violence increase with adolescence
Adolescent violent crime peaks @ 17y
More prevalent in males |
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Term
| Parental Discipline and Aggression |
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Definition
Induction (explanation + consequences)
Positive effects – leads to low aggression
Reasons for effectiveness
Focus on consequences for others
More likely to listen to parental instruction
Associates negative effects with behavior & not punishment
Parent models desired behavior
Punitive (power assertion, love withdrawal, physical punishment)
Negative effects – lead to high aggression
Ineffective bc:
Child focuses only on consequences of the punishment on themselves – not on others
Elicit external motivation
Difficult to focus on information
Parental model undesired behavior |
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Term
| Spanking Age restrictions |
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Definition
| inappropriate before 15 months of age and is usually not necessary until after 18 months. It should be less necessary after 6 years, and rarely, if ever, used after 10 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
Pro-spanking
differentiate bw abusive hitting and nonabusive spanking
as last resort
1 slap to hand or 2 to butt, then hug |
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Term
| American Academy of Pediatrics |
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Definition
strongly opposes spanking
if spanking is spontaneous, parent needs to address: why, the behavior that provoked it, how angry they felt, maybe apologize for losing control |
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Term
| Strassberg Spanking Study |
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Definition
273 kindergartners & parents
Categories: no spanking, openhand, closehand (based on parental selfreport)
6m long
milder forms of spanking at home correlated with aggressive school behavior, and child abuse correlated with aggressive behavior @ school to a greater extent |
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Term
| Baumrind study on spanking |
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Definition
effect of spanking on adolescent adjustment
found neg effect on adjustment from parents who hit hard and often
found no diff bw no spanking and mild spanking in adolescent adjustment |
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Term
| Coercive interaction patterns of families |
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Definition
| Highly aggressive problem child has been created, and helped to create a social climate where he is always trying to irritate others to be noticed |
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Term
| Predictions of highly aggressive behavior in adolescene |
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Definition
parental violence
punitive discipline
child lack of impulse control
early antisocial acts
physical buse
attention problems |
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Term
| Characteristics of Highly aggressive, antisocial children;s personality and temperament |
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Definition
exhibit difficult temperament @ young age
in preschool: impulsive, irritable, distractable
no feelings of guilt, empathy or sympathy
attention problems |
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Term
| Highly aggressive antisocial kids social cognitive deficits |
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Definition
hostile attributional bias - everyone is the enemy; shown in 4y who have been abused
believe benefits of aggression outweigh risks |
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Term
Cairns
Does childhood aggression (@8y) predict adult behavior? |
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Definition
highly aggressive boys 4x more likely to be adult criminal
highly agg girls 15x more likely to be adult criminal |
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Term
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Definition
compared 18y males
3 categories
no conviction, criminal conviction or violent criminal conviction
examined effect of parenting style and child temperament
found that punitive punishment predicted both conviction types
child temperament only predicted violent |
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Term
| How does prosocial behavior(altruism) emerge? Hoffman |
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Definition
Altruism emerges (early) thru empathy
affective-based empathy - innate; emotional response to another emotional state
cognitive based empath - understanding others feelings and take their perspective
relationship between altruism and empathy starts weak, gets stronger |
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Term
| Zahn-Waxler Study altruism/empathy |
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Definition
how do toddler's respond to mother's distress
10m - cried
15 & 20m - trued to help
with age, more effective helping |
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Term
Parental Influences
Empathic parents --
Harsh, punitive parents --
abused children |
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Definition
Empathic kids
kids with low empathy
react to others distress with anger and fear, not empathy |
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Term
Eisenberg
Dev changes in kid's response to altruistic dilemmas |
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Definition
how do children think about altruism
preschool - relied on self-interests, not empathy
middle-childhood - wants to be seen as good person
adolescence - empathy used |
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Term
|
Definition
| how ppl think about moral situations |
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Term
|
Definition
core of moral understanding, emerges early
pervades all aspects of social interactions |
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Term
| Social convention v moral imperative |
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Definition
SC - idea, norm, custom; peers seldom react to violations of these
MI - protect peoples rights and welfare
victimes and other react strongly to moral offences |
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Term
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Definition
| yes, preschoolers can distinguish that violation of moral rules are worse |
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Term
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Definition
Socially just allocation of goods in a society; not equal, output= input
Equality: 5-6y
Merit: 6-7y
Benevolence: 8y |
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Term
| Damon dev of moral reasononing |
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Definition
| Kohlberg dilemmas inappropriate for young children, positive justice/fairness from 4-12y |
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Term
| Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning |
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Definition
Stage 1: Good behavior associated with avoiding punishment
Stage 2: Good behavior instrumentally satisfies one's own need and sometimes others
Stage 3:Good behavior that pleases or helps others
Stage 4: Right behavior respects the law
Stage 5: right behavior maintains social order but can disobey laws for the good of society
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles |
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Term
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Definition
Stage like dev. few adults reach later stages
Inconsistent reasoning (real-life dilemmas v Kohlberg dilemmas)
Gilligan argues Kolhlberg scale is gender biased
Moral reasoning correlates with cog. dev. - IQ, education, Piagetian tasks, perspective taking
Moral reasoning and behavior have complex link |
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Term
|
Definition
| survival, economic, socialization |
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Term
|
Definition
Authoritarian - High C low W
neg outcomes - identity foreclosure
Authoritative - High C and W
Positive outcomes - identity achievement
Permissive - Low C and High W
Negative outcomes - identity diffusion
uninvolved - Low C and W
Negative outcomes
Authoritarian positive for black girls
Hispaniscs - high W and C |
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Term
|
Definition
| Father sensitive caretaking predicts attachment; Father warmth goo predictor of LT dev |
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Term
| Consequences of divorce on child dev |
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Definition
improvement after 2 years
only 25% have LT probs
Dev. consequences - dropout, antisocial, early sex, teen pregnancy, anxiety, low self-esteem, drugs, divorce |
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Term
| Children and reasons for divorce |
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Definition
preschool - blame themselves, fare better in LT
older children - more understanding, running away, truancy, sex
College kids least reactive |
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Term
| How boys and girls deal with divorce |
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Definition
Girls - crying, withdrawal, attn seeking
Boys - more active, disobedient |
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Term
| Boys fare worse with ... but girls fare worse with ... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
pressure to conform; early adolescence
more conformity early, authoritative helps reduce pressures |
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Term
| Friendship selection across ages |
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Definition
Early childhood - cooperation in relationships, adhere to parent expectations
middle school - desire to increase social network; to increase peer acceptance
Pre-adolescence - desire to have close peer relations
Chum relationship - one to one relationship w opp to experience love, etc.
Early adolescence - continued close peer relations and initial opposite sex relations
Late adolescence- Merging of intimacy and desire |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
small group: 5-7ppl
good friends, interest and social status
more important for girls
dating emerges from mix-sex cliques
Larger - several cluqies
membership based on rep., stereotype |
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Term
| Categories of Peer group status |
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Definition
Popular - nice guy or antisocial (Fonzy)
Rejected - Aggressive (bullies) or withdrawn |
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Term
|
Definition
Bullies - 10-15% of kids
can be powerful, high status
15-30% of kids are repeat victims
chronic victims - passive, give in, resistant attach. and overprotective parents (foster low SE and vulnerable)
Neglected - not noticed
Controversial |
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