Term
| Three interrelated anxiety response systems |
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Definition
•physical system
•cognitive system
•behavioral system |
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Term
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Definition
•strong negative emotion and tension in anticipation of future danger or threat
•moderate amounts of anxiety is adaptive : it helps us cope with potential danger |
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Term
| Developmental changes in fear |
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Definition
•1st year: loud noises, separation from parent
•preschoolers: animals, the dark, imaginary creatures
•school age: school, injury, social fears
•adolescence: interpersonal fears, appearance, school, safety |
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Term
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Definition
•Separation anxiety disorder
•Generalized anxiety disorder
•obsessive compulsive disorder
•panic disorder
•specific phobia
•social phobia/agoraphobia
•PTSD/acute stress disorder |
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Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
•age inappropriate, excessive anxiety about being apart from parents or away from home
•~10% of children
•earliest onset
•often associated with school refusal |
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Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder, developmental considerations |
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Definition
•Ages 5-8 : fears of attachment figures being harmed are prominent
•Ages 9-12 : exhibit excessive distress at separation
•Ages 13-16 : somatic complaints |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
Excessive anxiety and worry regarding number of events or activities
•physiological symptoms: sleep disturbance, stomach ache, tension, trembling
•3-6% of children
•onset in late childhood or early adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme, disabling fear of specific object or situations that pose little or no danger
•often leads to avoidance or disrupted routine
•children may not realize the fear is extreme and unreasonable
•2-4% of children; more common in boys
•peak onset between ages 10 and 13 |
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Term
| 5 DSM-IV subtypes of specific phobias |
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Definition
•Animal
•natural environment (dark;heights)
•situational (flying, going over bridges)
•"other" (clowns)
•blood/injection/injury |
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Term
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Definition
•Marked, persistent fear of one or more social or performance related situations (embarrassment)
•may experience anxiety/panic during situation
•feared situations are avoided or endured with intense distress
•1-3% of youth; more common in girls
•age of onset often early to mid-adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
• a sudden and overwhelming period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by characteristics of the flight/fight response
•panic attacks common: 3-4% of teens/40-60% adults have reported having a panic attack |
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Term
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Definition
•recurrent unexpected panic attacks
•persistent concern about the possible implications and consequences of having another attack
•high anticipatory anxiety and situation avoidance may lead to agoraphobia
•age of onset 15-19years; more common in females |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
Obsessions - repeated, intrusive, irrational, and anxiety causing thoughts
Compulsions - ritualized behaviors to relieve the anxiety resulting from obsessions
•extremely resistant to reason - can lead to severe disruptions in health, social and family relations, and school functioning
•2-3% of children; twice as likely in boys; onset 9-12 years |
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Term
| Overarching theories and causes |
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Definition
•classical psychoanalytic theory
•behavioral and learning theories
•attachment theory
•Genetic and Family Risk
•Molecular Genetics
- Serotonin Transport Gene, Dopamine Transport Gene, corticotropin-releasing hormone |
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Term
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Definition
•insecure early attachments
•excessive parental control, overprotection, rejection and modeling of anxious behaviors
•lower parental expectations for children's coping abilities |
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Term
| Psychpharmacological Treatments |
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Definition
•Benzodiazepines (rivotril, valium) - decrease anxiety, but are short acting and addictive, and are not an efficacious treatment
8SSRIs (Fluoxetine/Prozac, setraline/Zoloft, etc) - limited efficacy in treating anxiety disorders, with the exception of OCD and panic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Coping Cat
anxiety reduction method/management skills
GOAL: assist children and parents in accurately identifying feelings |
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Term
| Stress-Inoculation Training |
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Definition
GOAL: to reduce the physiological manifestation of stress
•protect children from the negative effects of stress and encourage the use of optimal comping skills
•specific techniques for reducing emotional/ physiological arousal
EXAMPLE: breathing exercises |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeling anxious, expecting bad things to happen, attitudes and actions that help, results and rewards |
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Term
| Types of DSM-IV Depressive Disorders |
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Definition
•Major depressive disorder
•Dysthmic disorder
•double depression
•bipolar I and II disorder |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
•at least 5 present for 2 weeks or more:
-depressed or irritable mood
-loss of interest or pleasure
-change in weight or appetite
-sleep problems
-fatigue or loss of energy
-motor agitation/retardation
-feelings of guilt/worthlessness
-difficulty thinking/concentrating
-thoughts of death or suicide |
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Term
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Definition
•present for at least 1 year:
-depressed mood
-sleep disturbance
-low energy or fatigue
-low self-esteem
-concentration or decision making problems
-feelings of hopelessness |
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Term
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Definition
•MDD - 2% of children/ 4-8% for adolescents
•Dysthmic Disorder - 8% in adolescents
•Lifetime prevalence by end of adolescence - 20-30% for females/ 13-14% for males
•Depressed mood is common among adolescents : 25-40% for girls; 20-35% for boys |
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Term
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Definition
•mean duration of MDepisode is 7-9 months
•about 6-10% have prolonged episodes
•probability of recovery from 1st major depressive episode
--74% after one year
--92% two years post onset |
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Term
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Definition
depression and anxiety have common and unique features
•model has received support in several studies with children and adolescents |
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Term
| Etiology: Neurotransmitter dysregulation |
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Definition
Serotonin - sex, appetite, aggression
Norepinephrine - concentration, interest, motivation
BOTH - depressed mood, anxiety, gauge aches and main, irritability, thought process |
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Term
| Theoretical perspectives of Depression |
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Definition
•Beck's information processing model: depressive cognitive triad: negative automatic thoughts about self, world, and future
•attributional style/hopelessness theory: depressive attributional style: attribute negative events to internal global, stable attributes: and positive events to external, specific, and unstable factors |
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Term
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Definition
•Antisocial behavior is the most costly mental health problem in North America
•Early,persistent, and extreme pattern of antisocial behavior occurs in about 5% of children: these kids account for over half of all crime in the U.S.; and 30-50% of clinic referrals |
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Term
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Definition
•disruptive behavior disorders
-oppositional defiant disorder
-conduct disorder |
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Term
| Oppositional Defiant Disoder |
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Definition
•age inappropriate, stubborn, hostile, and defiant behavior:
--losing temper
--arguing with adults
--active defiance or refusal to comply
--deliberately annoying others
--blaming others for mistakes or misbehavior
--being "touchy" or easily annoyed
--anger and resentfulness
--spitefulness or vindictiveness |
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Term
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Definition
•repetitive and persistent pattern of violating basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate societal norms or rules, including:
--aggression to people and animals
--destruction or property
--deceitfulness or theft
--serious violations of rules |
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Term
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Definition
approximately 50% of cases of ODD/CD also have ADHD
-comorbid kids have greater impairment
-associated with earlier onset of CD |
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Term
| Parent Management Training |
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Definition
•Lots of empirical support
•Primarily behavioral in focus
•include training in
--monitoring and supervision
--reward positive behaviors
--ignore or punish deviant behaviors
--communication skills |
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Term
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Definition
behaviorally based
coordinate treatment across multiple agencies
intensive and often long-term |
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Term
| DSM-IV Criteria of Inattention |
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Definition
Inattention; six or more of the following, manifested often:
•inattention to details/makes careless mistakes
•difficulty sustaining attention
•seems not to listen
•fails to finish tasks
•difficulty organizing
•avoids tasks requiring sustained attention
•loses things
•easily distracted
•forgetful |
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Term
| DSM-IV Criteria of Impulsivity/hyperactivity |
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Definition
Impulsivity:
•blurts out answer before question is finished
•difficulty awaiting turn
•interrupts or intrudes on others
Hyperactivity:
•fidgets
•unable to stay seated
•inappropriate running, climbing
•difficulty in engaging in leisure activities quietly
•talks excessively |
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Term
| Predominantly Inattentive Type |
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Definition
•less common
•may be co-morbid with learning disorders, slow processing speed, difficulties with information retrieval, and anxiety/mood disorders |
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Term
| Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type and Combined Type |
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Definition
•associated with aggressiveness, defiance, peer rejection, suspension, and placement in special education classes
•different subtypes of different ages |
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Term
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Definition
•Motivation deficits
•deficits in arousal level
•deficits in self-regulation
•deficits in behavioral inhibition
•genetics (dopamine)
•frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, associated with attention, executive functions, delayed responding, and response organization)
•diet and food allergy
•family influences |
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Term
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Definition
•Parental Management Training
•Intensive Interventions |
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