Term
| Fat Identity - Degher & Hughes |
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Definition
Model of identity transformation
-incorporates identity career model, 4 stage process where 1 status dropped, other acquired. |
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Term
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Definition
Extent to which a status is self evident
example: sex is highly self evident. Narcissism isn't. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Initial, normative status
2) Recognition from status cues
3) Placing
4) New Status |
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Term
| Recognition from status cues |
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Definition
- Recognition more likely when status is not self evident
- Less evident statuses may require more active status cues.
-presence of cues doesn't necessarily lead to recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| cues not from others that people figure out themselves (clothes not fitting) |
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Term
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Definition
| cues from comments made by other people ("Gee, Bob, you look bigger") |
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Term
| Becoming Bisexual - Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor |
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Definition
process of discovering non-normative status
-differentiates between homosexual and bisexual processes. |
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Term
| Bisexuality is doubly stigmatized |
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Definition
- rejects heterosexuality (the norm)
- rejects binary sexual orientations |
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Term
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Definition
1) initial confusion
2) finding and applying label
3) settling into identity
4) continued uncertainty
-this is a model, not the case for everyone. |
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Term
| Inital Confusion (Becoming Bisexual) |
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Definition
- same sex feelings frigtening. End of hetero status?
-abscence of descriptive category, ingrained homophobia |
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Term
| Finding/ Applying Label(Becoming Bisexual) |
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Definition
- first homo/hetero experience, discovery of bisexual pleasure.
-feelings too strong to deny, encouragement from bisexual others. |
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Term
Fat Identity - Degher & Hughes
Alternate Interpretation |
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Definition
-Study skips out on tertiary deviance, what about fat but NOT on the way to thin?
-Study only includes those who have internalized negative connotation of fatness. "Fat on the way to thin" |
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Term
| Settling into Identity (Becoming Bisexual) |
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Definition
-Support networks
-Accepted label/ bisexuality, less concerned with judgment. |
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Term
| Continued Uncertainty (Becoming Bisexual) |
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Definition
-not present in homosexual model
-1/4th feel unsure still
-majority change orientation/ engage in monosexual behavior. |
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Term
| Anorexia and Bulimia (McLong and Taub) |
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Definition
-study of journey from primary to secondary deviance
-participant observation & interviews. |
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Term
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Definition
-Anorexia: Self-starvation and excessive weight loss
-Bulimia:cycle of binging and purging
-Frequently overlap |
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Term
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Definition
-diffcult to treat
-frequently white, wealthy, young
-conformist tendencies |
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Term
| Primary Deviance (Anorexia and Bulimia) |
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Definition
-Diseases start with regular dieting, which is reinforced with praise
-progresses into unhealthy habits, fear of weight gain. |
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Term
| Discovery (Anorexia and Bulimia) |
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Definition
- Family and friends take note
-extreme thinness
-refusal to eat & regimented eating
-extreme food consumption w/o weight gain
-extreme exercise |
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Term
| Resistance (Anorexia and Bulimia) |
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Definition
-anorexics have strong resistance to label, refuse to think of themselves as disordered
-bulimics more accepting of label, disordered behavior much more *evident* |
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Term
| Secondary Deviance (Anorexia and Bulimia) |
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Definition
-official diagnosis & acceptance of label
-treated as deviant by others, identity becomes "Master Status"
-Deviant identity is internalized, difficulty leaving. |
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Term
| Techniques of Neutralization (Sykes and Matza) |
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Definition
-Denial of Responsibility
-Denying Injury
-Denial of the Victim
-Appeal to Higher Loyalties
-Condemning the Condemners |
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Term
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Definition
| Offenders were victims, forced into circumstances or situations beyond their control |
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Term
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Definition
| -Forms of talk surrounding deviant identity, maintenence of a positive self image. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offender insists their actions did not cause harm or damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Offender believes that the victim deserved what they got |
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Term
| Condemning the Condemners |
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Definition
| Offenders maintain those who condemn the offense doing so out of spite, shifting blame onto them unfairly |
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Term
| Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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Definition
| Offender suggests their offense was for good, protection of others. |
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Term
| Excuses and Justifications (Scott & Lyman) |
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Definition
| -All accounts are excuses or justifications |
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Term
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Definition
-Admit wrongdoing, but distance themselves from blame
-appeals to accident
-appeals to defeasibility or misinformation
-appeals to biological drives |
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Term
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Definition
-Accept responsibility for actions but seek to have specific incidents excused
-sad tales
-self fulfillment |
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Term
| Disclaimers (Hewitt and Stokes) |
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Definition
- justifications come before, disclaimers come after
1) hedging
2) credentializing
3) sin license
4) appeals for suspension of judgments |
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Term
| Convicted Rapists' Vocabulary of Motive (Scully and Marolla) |
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Definition
| -Opposes medical model of rape, provides alterbate theoretical model |
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Term
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Definition
- Rapists clasically defined as mentally ill
- rape is a problem of the individual, not society.
- rape exists outside of culture |
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Term
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Definition
- Uses Scott and Lyman's excuses and justifications
-practice of neutralization culturally based on male domination |
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Term
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Definition
-Admitters define themselves as rapists, justify
-Deniers do not define themselves as rapists, excuse. |
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Term
| Justifying Rape (Deniers) |
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Definition
1) Women as seductresses
2) Women mean "yes" when they say "no"
3) Most women relax and enjoy it
4) Nice girls don't get raped
5) Only a minor wrongdoing
-denies deviant identity, blames victim, and shifts fault away from the self. |
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Term
| Excusing Rape (Admitters) |
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Definition
1) Use of alcohol and drugs
2) Emotional problems
3) Nice guy image
-accepts label while exonerating self
-"true self" is not bad
-The act was bad, but its not me |
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Term
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Definition
| -Offenders claim they had no other choice. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Justification by Comparision |
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Definition
| - I could be doing something worse. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Offender avoids thinking about it. |
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Term
| Consequence of Neutralization: Moral Numbing? |
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Definition
- Neutralization reduces guilt
- Justifications (post-crime) can become rationalizations (pre-crime)
- Will this temper feelings of guilt reduce the need for neutralization techniques? |
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Term
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Definition
- Negative evaluation attached to those who hold deviant identity
- Leads to social exclusion
-Stigmatized must "manage" their stigma |
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Term
| Stigma: Notes of the Management of a Spoiled Identity (Erving Goffman) |
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Definition
-Primarily the job of the deviant to make normals feel comfortable
- Job of the stigmatized to make normals feel okay
-Passing |
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Term
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Definition
-Discrediables can be like normals by
1) avoiding stigma symbols
2) disidentifiers
3) double life |
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Term
| Goffman's 2 Kinds of Stigma |
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Definition
-Discredited: Publicly visible stigma
-Discreditable: invisible stigma |
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Term
| Avoidance of Stigma Symbols |
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Definition
-Stigma symbols: artifacts associated with stigmatizing attribute
examples:
-anorexic avoiding family meals
-pre-op transsexual avoiding nudity |
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Term
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Definition
-props and tools that distance the stigmatized from the stigmatizing attribute
examples:
-homosexual bragging about heterosexual encounters
-ethnic minority using ethnic slurs |
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Term
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Definition
- 2 lifestyles with 2 separate groups
example:
-out with friends, closeted with family
-anarchist online, apolitical at work |
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Term
| Avowal/ Disavowal Rituals |
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Definition
-Avowal: conspicuously ignoring stigmatizing attributes (Normals)
-Disavowal: bring up stigmatizing attribute(break the ice with a joke) (Deviants) |
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Term
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Definition
- Groups made by members who share stigmatizing attribute. 2 continuums
-Expressive (Support groups: AA) -> Instrumental (Political Action Groups: NOW)
-Conformity (AA councils members on functioning like normals) -> Alienation (Black Panthers, work outside of society) |
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Term
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Definition
-Studies stigmatization & face saving techniques of male cheerleaders
-Cheerleaders formerly exclusively male, now primarily female sport.
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Term
| Two Interrelated Forms of Stigma |
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Definition
-cheerleading as a feminine activity
-Men who take part in femininity are possible homosexuals |
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Term
| Male Cheerleader's Face-Saving |
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Definition
-Territoriality: Reclaiming a men's sport
-Emphasis of Masculinity: Toughness, agression, strength stressed.
-Sexual objectification of women: hyper-heterosexual narratives and behaviors.
-All reinforce heteronormativity, traditional gender roles, male dominance. |
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Term
| Negotiating the White Power Activist Stigma (Simi and Futrell) |
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Definition
-Managing tensions
-Study of conformity as active resistance
-participant observation/ home study visits |
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Term
| WPA vs Interpersonal Connections |
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Definition
- leading double life, separate/secret from friends, family
-strategic silence, avoid confrontation
-selective disclosure, temper white power views |
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Term
| WPA vs Instrumental Activities |
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Definition
- Part of ideology is to improve self to get into positions of power.
-Avoid others with views
-False front: pretend to be liberal to fool others
-strategic silence |
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Term
| WPA vs Public Participation |
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Definition
-Passive displays (quietly be WPA)
-Active displays (Publicly display WPA, but don't initiate conflict)
-public legitimation: challenge stereotypes by being nice |
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Term
| Conformity as Active Resistance (WPM) |
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Definition
- Conform for personal survival, manage everyday life.
-improve the self to quietly advance white power movement. |
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