Term
| Raymond Williams Industry |
|
Definition
| comes to signify not just human attributes such as skill and diligence, but a new system, a body of activities,sometimes called industrialism |
|
|
Term
| Raymond Williams Democracy |
|
Definition
| becomes a practical matter relating to struggles for representation rather than a term which could be traced back the the Greeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dates back to 1740 with varying permutations as times goes on - lower, upper, upper middle, lower middle classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes from individual skill to sets of activities - literature, music, painting, sculpture, theatre. |
|
|
Term
| 4 meanings of culture that developed in the 19th century |
|
Definition
1) general state or habit of mind connected with the idea of human perfection
2) the general state of intellectual development in a society as a whole
3) the general boy of arts
4) a whole way of life - material, intellectual, spiritual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Article about aids in Africa and different views because of culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people remember things because they are valuable to them or makes them feel important. Often things which acquire value in society is not something that is meaningful to us, but is meaningful to someone else. Therefore what is of cultural value is slippery. Maintaining a cultural language may be important to you, but not valuable to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making judgements about what is good and what is bad. In India, not every village will have water to drink, but every village will have coke and chips. |
|
|
Term
| Historical Approach to Culture |
|
Definition
culture is seen as something that constitutes social and material life and material and social life constitutes culture. The meaning and practice of culture changes as society changes. Developed a different notion of culture in opposition to the elitist conception – they have applied their own definition to it. Focuses on meanings generated not by individuals alone but by collectives. The idea of culture refers to meaning generated and shared by ordinary people in the context of everyday life.
Culture is an outcome of material social processes that evolve over time and in relation to each other. |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Approach to Culture |
|
Definition
language, symbols, associations are essential components of how we communicate in and about the world. Culture can be understood as the production of meaning about, in, and for the social world we live in.
Culture is the production of meaning for the social world we live in. |
|
|
Term
| What is Mathew Arnold's view on culture? |
|
Definition
| High culture - should be the best of whats been thought and said in the world. By learning and appreciating such things we would be cured from our natural bad habits, and would become civilized beings and better people all around. The world can therefore be divided into civilized and uncivilized. |
|
|
Term
| Who believes that elitism has certain obligations - elite classes have an obligation to define and defend the best of culture, as well as to criticize and arguably eliminate the worst of mass culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the best examples in a particular field of the arts, those which experts have agreed between themselves are the classics and which everyone should experience and learn from in order to improve their cultural capital. But Raymond Williams thought maybe this was problematic because who are these experts that have the POWER to tell us what is good or bad or best or worst… why should we all like the same thing? It is criticized because it seems to be biased towards white, middle class mean, and excludes men who have not had the ‘proper’ training or Education to understand it, and it focuses too much on the past and ignores the future. |
|
|
Term
| Raymond Williams asserts that culture is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What approach to culture is Ferdinand de Saussure associated with? |
|
Definition
| Semiotics and structural linguistics. |
|
|
Term
| Define sign, signifier, and signified |
|
Definition
o Sign – the mental image or concept
o Signifier – the symbolic thing, the object or word
o Signified – the symbolic thing or mental association that the sign refers to |
|
|
Term
| What forces inspired the study of culture |
|
Definition
| urbanization and industrialization |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems with signification? |
|
Definition
- not a smooth unproblematic process
- frequent misunderstandings
- cross cultural differences in meaning
- objects and practices can have many meanings
- they are polysemic
- opportunities to misread
- |
|
|
Term
| What two ways does Gramsci state that the supremacy of a social group/class manifests itself. |
|
Definition
1) domination/coercion - sounds sexy
2) intellectual and moral leadership - booorang. Dis is dat hegemony shit people keep talkin bout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predominance obtained by consent rather than force of one class or group over other classes. Gramsci views hegemony as the 'normal' form of control in any post-fuedal society, and in particular the strength of bourgeois rule in advanced capitalist society. The proletariat wear their chains willingly. |
|
|
Term
| What is Gramsci's definition of civil society? |
|
Definition
| Different from political society. He thought of civil society in terms of the ideological superstructure. The institutions and technical instruments that create and diffuse modes of thought. |
|
|
Term
| Gramsci's view of consent |
|
Definition
| he refers to a psychological state, involving some kind of acceptance - not necessarily explicit - of the socio-political order or of a certain vital aspects of that order. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the evolution of the term 'consent' |
|
Definition
- First was the Greeks an shit, all about political obligation. These pre-modern notions had nothing to do with individualistic undertones, it is more about the authority of the ruler being allowed or acknowledged.
- then society became mercantilist and capitalist, so consent came to be about a deliberate and voluntary act on the part of individuals and the only ground for political authority.
- Has come to mean a manner in which individual citizens should be involved directly or indirectly in the activity of governing, the manner in which political society should be organized and constituted. Whether or not an individual citizen in fact consents is no longer considered relevant - consent emerges as an immanent principle of procedural correctness - the consent which is a necessary condition of political obligation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 reasons why one may conform |
|
Definition
1) because of the fear of the consequences of nonconformity, which may produce deprivations or inflictions. This is conformity through coercion.
2) because one habitually pursues certain goals in certain ways in response to external stimuli.
3) that type which characterizes consent. that arising from some degree of conscious attachment tom or agreement with, certain core elements of the society. |
|
|
Term
| What is pragmatic acceptance |
|
Definition
| this theory asserts that one may conform because it is convenient, because this is a way to insure the reciprocal conduct of others, which is a necessary condition of success in achieving ones goals. An individual consents therefore because he perceives no realistic alternative. This can be subsumed under one or another of the 3 categories of conformity. |
|
|
Term
| What university did Gramsci attend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What political party did Gramsci co-found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Gramsci, hegemony is a precondition to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is American Exceptionalism? |
|
Definition
| Hegemony was bought in American factories. Taylorist methods were thought to only work in the US because the US was free of passive sediments of the past. In European countries there are reminisce of feudalism and a parasitic class that remains in tact - this hinders capitalism. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of hegemonic situations |
|
Definition
1) Integral/expansive - a situation of mass affiliation that would approach unqualified commitment by all/ most of society towards those who rule. This is achieved because the ruling group is able to meet and surpass not only its own interests but some of the needs and desires of all major social groups
2) Decadent Hegemony - the hegemony of a decaying class which has lost its integral hegemony but continues to rule primarily because of a lack of an effective counter hegemonic force to challenge it.
3) Minimal/ limited hegemony- the type Gramsci is most critical. The rule of an elite who govern primarily to bolster their own corporate interests and rule by transforming or incorporating |
|
|
Term
| Gramsci on civil society and education |
|
Definition
He follows Hegel rather than Marx in including within civil society the public education system, the justice system, and even the police. These and the church can be seen as belonging both the the state and to civil society.
Civil society is central as a location of hegemony and political power |
|
|
Term
| What theory of Marx's does Engels challenge |
|
Definition
| The theory of spontaneous eruption. Engels says that the working class is inclined to accept the essentials of existing order. He says that revolutionary consciousness is not a natural product of life experiences of the working people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Counterhegemony - is a frontal assault on the enemy designed to take power, whether through armed combat, democratic election, or other means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Counterhegemony - includes a host of processes related to the struggle, including preparations, positioning one's troops on the battlefield, working out on what terrain a battle might be fought, extending to the idea that 'setting the agenda is half the battle'.
This is a key method of winning hegemony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the non-dominant social groups. Is constituted by the lack of effective intellectuals - the inability to develop a coherent world-view or 'spontaneous philosophy' that actually relates to one's own life and place in society. the subaltern works with a common-sense that is 'the fragmentary result of the sedimentation of ideas and beliefs' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hegemony naturalizes what is historically a class ideology and renders it into the form of common sense. It is a beliefs handed down or imposed from the outside and absorbed uncritically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions occur within networks situated within one or other of the social groups. The organic intellectuals who arise with a dominant class and are concerned with the intellectual political domination of the class become assimilated into the stratum of traditional intellectuals, but continue to perform their useful hegemonic function in an apparently neutral way |
|
|
Term
| Traditional Intellectuals |
|
Definition
| Present themselves as 'autonomous and independent of the dominant social group' and in doing so function to support the dominant group. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Edward Said from |
|
Definition
| Palestine - lived in egypt- attended high school and college in the US |
|
|
Term
| where lies the inequality in orientalism? |
|
Definition
| Colonizers can say 'I can study you, I can predict you, I can make claims about your society' but the colonized cant make these claims about the colonizers society.... this acquires a hegemonic position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feminine, weak, yet strangely dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eager to be dominated, strikingly exotic |
|
|
Term
| What was a major inspiration for Edward Said's book on Orientalism |
|
Definition
| the War of 1967 - most of western intelligence was predicting that the Egyptians and the Arabs wouldn't fight, but they did and it surprised most of the intelligence officials. (Israel vs Egypt, Jordan and Syria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a controlled culture copies the ideals and beliefs of an over-dominating culture and denies their own (self colonization). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one culture becomes a blend of its own ideals and the ideals of the dominating culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy by means of which a powerful fascination or desire is simultaneously indulged and denied. |
|
|
Term
| What is the map called that is actually accurate in dimensions of continents? |
|
Definition
| Gall-Peter's projection map - 1973 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 arguments in orientalism? |
|
Definition
1) A dominant society's view of supposed 'weaker' societies is exploitive, purposeful, and meant to encourage ethnocentrism. This world view is distorted through ethnocentrism.
2) Conclusions are made by dominant societies of weaker ones without proper research or experience, but is based on naive first hand accounts.
3) A dominant society justifies its own evils through a process known as 'othering' |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources from the archive of Exploration in the European middle ages |
|
Definition
| Classical knowledge (Plato), Religious sources (Bible), Mythology (El Dorado), Travellers Tales (Columbus) |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about artistic representations of Salome? |
|
Definition
In the biblical - Salome appeared as an Easterner, but a harlot.
In the 19th century - the motif of Salome exploded into popularity and she begins to be portrayed as an exotic, Eastern woman. This coincides with French and English political involvement in 'colonizing' the East |
|
|
Term
| How did orientalism intersect with commerce in Europe? |
|
Definition
| they sold shit like music, chololates, and ciggies, that were all like 'MECCA!' and 'TURKISH DELIGHT ' and whatnot |
|
|
Term
| Wha da fuq is stereotypical dualism |
|
Definition
| Benevolence (good intent) and malevolence (evil intent) can co-exist. The other can simultaneously be revered and reviled - the noble vs. ignoble savage. West vs. the Rest.The West is defined by everything the Rest is not - its mirror image, its other. |
|
|
Term
| What authors explained the 'other' as biologically different and racially inferior |
|
Definition
| David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Thomas Jefferson |
|
|
Term
| How does Foucault refer to stereotypical dualism |
|
Definition
| He calls it 'systems of dispersion' - When both versions of a discourse operate simultaneously, a negative and a positive. They may seem to negate each other but they are more accurately thought of as mirror images. Sexuality fed some fetishes but outraged others. |
|
|
Term
| What idea was prominent in the formation of the social sciences |
|
Definition
| The idea of ONE path to civilization and social development, and that all societies could be ranked or placed lower or higher on the sale scale. The studies of the Americans provided the new social scientists with a plausible working hypothesis about the basic characterisics of the first or earliest stage of socio-economic development. |
|
|
Term
| In the Weberian model of development, what societies did he contrast in terms of modern social development? |
|
Definition
| Islam and Western Europe. |
|
|
Term
| What is an internalist vs externalist explanation for development |
|
Definition
internalist -problems of 'backwards societies' as a question of certain characteristics internal to societies. (Weber)
externalist- theory of development which identifies the main problems facing 'developing' societies as external to the society itself, which is treated as a unit located within a structured international context. |
|
|
Term
| What 5 stages of society did Marx identify? |
|
Definition
| primitive community, slave state, feudal state, capitalist system, socialist society. |
|
|
Term
| Define Traditional Society |
|
Definition
| As defined by Durkheim - has mechanical solidarity, is based on a strong collective consciousness (kin ties, religion, etc.). There is a low division of labour, laws are harsh, intense, rigid, and the deviant are severely punished. |
|
|
Term
| Define Organic Solidarity |
|
Definition
| as defined by Durkheim - typified by large populations, distributed in specialized roles in many diverse structural units. Reveal high degrees of interdependence among individuals and corporate units with exchange, legal contracts, and norms regulating these interrelations |
|
|
Term
| What key aspect of 'modern societies' did Weber identify? |
|
Definition
| rationality - deliberate, matter of fact calculations of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task |
|
|
Term
| Who proposed binaries between traditional and modern communities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who made the take-off model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Gramsci believe about revolution from the assembly line? |
|
Definition
| He thought that workers would not be questioning their position upon the assembly line - he follows Lenin who did not think that revolution was natural |
|
|
