Term
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Definition
| chronic metabolic disorder characterized with hyperglycemia caused by inadequate insulin production or utilization |
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Term
| what size arteries are affected by diabetes |
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Definition
| all size arteries are affected by diabetes |
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Term
| are diabetic neuropathies peripheral or central |
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Definition
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Term
| if a patient has DM and there is a potential to have a silent MI, how can you find out when the patient's muscle/heart becomes ischemic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pathology of large arteries, such as CAD, PVD, CVA |
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Term
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Definition
| pathololgy of small artieres such as in eyes, kidnesy, CAD |
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Term
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Definition
| macroangiopathy, microangiopathy, peripheral neuropathies, autonomic nervous system abnormalities such as silent MI, circulatory problems |
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Term
| what are circulatory problems of DM |
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Definition
| skin breakdown, poor wound healing, decreased distal hair growth, decreased ability to feel distal pulse, decreased perfusion to distal digits gives inaccurate oxygen saturation levels |
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Term
| what type of energy requires glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| when does the anaerobic energy system kick in |
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Definition
| at the beginning and at the end of exercise |
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Term
| what is the function of blood glucose |
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Definition
| blood glucose gives us an immediate energy source through anaerobic metabolism |
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Term
| what happens when we have an opverabnundance of blood glcuose |
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Definition
| glucose can be stored in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen |
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Term
| what happens when we don't have enough blood glucose |
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Definition
| our body encourages the transfer of glycogen from muscle/liver into blood as glucose. |
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Term
| in particular, what 2 things will encourage thte transfer of muscle/liver glycogen into blood glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| besides encouraging transfer of muscle/liver glucagon into blood gclucose, what else do catecholamines do |
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Definition
| increase heart rate and contractility in exercise |
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Term
| what molecule increases the storage of glucose as glycogen |
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Definition
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Term
| what do diabetic medications do |
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Definition
| they do the job that our endogenous insulin does, which is to take glucose out of the blood and put it into storage as glycogen |
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Term
| if you take glucose out of the blood, does the blod's glucose increase or decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| what are signs/symptoms of diabetes |
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Definition
| polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss plus casual plasma glucose >200mg/dL |
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Term
| what is fasting glucose plasma and what should it be |
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Definition
| fasting without food for 8 hours, <126 mg/dL |
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Term
| what should your 2 hr plasma glocse be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune destruction of inuslin producing panreatic beta cells. Little to no endogenous insulin production. Survival dependent on exogenous insulin therapy |
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Term
| what is another term for type I DM |
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Definition
| insulin dependent diabetes mellitis |
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Term
| what is another term for type II DM |
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Definition
| non insulin dependent diabetes mellitis |
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Term
| which type of diabetes usually presents later in life |
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Definition
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Term
| what are risk factors for DM |
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Definition
| obesity, family history, lack of exercise |
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Term
| is endogenous present in type II dm |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in dm type II |
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Definition
| hyperglycemia increases rate of hepatic glucose production because cells are insulin resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| too many ketones in the blood. Caused by breakdown in muscle tissue. Rare in type ii dm |
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Term
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Definition
| individualized, education, diet changes, oral hypoglycemic agents, insuli therapy, exercise, pancreas and islet cell transplant |
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Term
| what are treatments for type I |
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Definition
| short, intermediate, and long acting insulin; continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump; implantable pump |
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Term
| what are type II treatments |
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Definition
| diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin |
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Term
| what should be considered in diabetes and exercise |
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Definition
| exercise intensity, type duration; type of insulin used; injection site; time between injection and exercise; time between last meal and exercise |
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Term
| can exercise improve DM enough that some patients don’t need meds |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if a person injects insulin into their quads and then does leg extensions |
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Definition
| increased bloodflow will help carry insulin to body faster. Could cause hypoglycemia |
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Term
| if glucose is <70, wath should diabeteic patient do before exercising |
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Definition
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Term
| when glucose is >250, should a dm patient exercise and why |
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Definition
| no. when we exercise, we create lactic acid. The increased acidity in the blood combined with a very high blood sugar can create undesired symptoms |
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Term
| when muscles are exercising, can they take up glucose out of the blood as quickly |
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Definition
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Term
| if you start with hyperglycemia in exercise, what will happen |
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Definition
| glucose will be released by the liver and it will exceed peripheral utilization. You will get excessive mobilization of free fatty acids, which will lead to ketoacidosis, which will lead to coma or death |
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Term
| how do patients feel with hyperglycemia |
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Definition
| blurred vision, lethargy, altered mentation, impaired balance |
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Term
| what should you do if a patient is hyperglycemic |
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Definition
| have them take their insulin |
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Term
| what causes hypoglycemia with exercise |
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Definition
| inadequate food before exercise; injected insulin near exercising muscle; exercising at time of peak insulin effect; delayed hypoglycemia after exercise |
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Term
| what should a patient do who experiences hypoglycemia with exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| what are advantages of exercise for patients with DM (this could be on exam) |
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Definition
| weight loss, enhanced glucose utilization by muscles, decreased plasma glucose in NIDDM for 12-16 hours, improved fitness, modified CV risk factors |
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Term
| what are cardiovascular factors to consider with DM |
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Definition
| silent MI/angina, higher mortality rate with acute MI (2x in males, 3x in females); deaths from cardiac pump failure, arrhythmias occur 1-2 months after MI; 2x risk of VF; HTN twice as prevalent; atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertension lead to heart failure; orthostatic hypotension; blunted HR response to exercise; peripheral vascular disease can lead to amputation; stroke more likely |
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Term
| pulmonary factors with DM |
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Definition
| increased infection; sleep-related breathing problems; mild abnormal PFT's |
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Term
| what are PT considerations for Dm |
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Definition
| monitor HR, BP,blood glucose; no exercise if >250; no exercise if <80 = eat snack and recheck; may adjust insulin to lower dose after a period of training; keep snacks readily available; target HR 50% max; fluid replacement; good footwear/hygiene/inspection; never exercise alone; medical ID; DM and amputtations |
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Term
| what are the units for BMI |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what BMI is extremely obese |
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Definition
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Term
| what additional physical attribute other than weight and height can indicate risk of diseaes |
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Definition
| waist circumference greater than 40 in for men or greater than 35 in for women |
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Term
| what is a health hip to waist ratio for men |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a healthy hip to waist ratio for women |
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Definition
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