Blood, urea, nitrogen - blood test measuring the amount of urea in blood.

Insertion of a catheter through the urethra into the urinary bladder to withdraw urine from the bladder.

Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall.

Visual examination of the bladder using a cystoscope.

Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function.

Kidneys, ureters and bladder - x-ray demonstrating size and location of the kidneys in relationship to other organs.

X-ray recording of the kidney and urinary tract. If x-rays are taken after contrast medium is injected intravenously, the procedure is called intravenous urography (descending or excretion urography) or intravenous pyelography (IVP).

Surgical opening between the pelvis of the kidney to the cortex to drain an obstructed kidney.

Examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements (see above).