Males: 4.5-5.9 x 10⁶ cells/uL

Females: 4.1-5.1 x 10⁶ cells/uL

Males: 14-17.5 g/dL

Females: 12.3-15.3 g/dL

% of RBC in blood.

Males: 42%-50%

Females: 36%-45%

Probability that patients with the disease will test positive for the disease, expressed as %.

^{True Positive}/_{True positive + False Negative} x 100

Or, ^{True positive}/_{All with disease} x 100

Sensitivity of 90%=90 of 100 people w/ disease will test positive

Frequency of positive results in patients w/ a particular disease

Probability that patients who do not have the disease will test negative for the disease, expressed as a percent 

^TN/_{TN + FP} x 100

Or, True negatives over all without disease.

Test should ONLY detect analyte designed to detect.

Higher specificity=fewer false positives

Frequency of negative results in patients w/o a particular disease.

ability of the method to correctly determine the presence of disease in those patients who have the disease.

^TP/_{TP + FP} x 100

Or

True positives over all tested positives. 

Influenced by prevalence.

Frequency of diseased patients out of all patients with positive test results. 

Negative Predictive Value(NPV) 

Ability of the method to correctly determine the absence of disease in those patients who do not have the disease.

^TN/_{TN + FN} x 100

True negatives over all tested negatives. 

Frequency of non-diseased out of all w/ negative test results. 

Microbiology: Positive direct smear on CSF(meningitis)

Hematology: <20% Hct

Chemistry: Glucose>484(70-110), K<2.8mmol/L (3.5-5.0)

1. Total protein

2. Albumin

3. Lipids

4. Iron

5. Calcium

6. Enzymes

7. Ig

8. Thyroxine

1. Total protein

2. Albumin

3. Lipids

4. Iron

5. Calcium

6. Enzymes

7. bilirubin

8. Cholesterol

9. Triglycerides

10. NE

11. Renin

12. Aldosterone

13. K+

14. Mg

15. Phosphorous

Strenuous exercise increases:

1. Acid phosphatase

2. ALT(alanine transaminase)

3. AST(aspartate amino transferase)

4. Creatinine

5. Phosphorous

6. CK(creatine kinase)

Strenuous exercise decreases:

1. Iron

2. Lipids

3. K+

Measures size of RBC

Macrocytic-microcytic

Red cell distribution width-->indicator of size

Normal: 11-14.5

Average Hgb content by weight

If normal, normochromic. If high,likely macrocytic. 

Average Hgb content by volume

indicator of color

Increased RBC production due to reduced O2 environment

Also increases prod of RBC, WBC, platelets: myeloproliferative disorder. 

Decreased RBC and Hgb

Size and Hgb content/cell is normal

ACD, acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia

Decreased MCV <80

MCHC <32%

RBC small and lack Hgb

Macrocytic/normochromic

(Megaloblastic Anemia)

Increased MCV >100

Larger RBC

Normal Hgb

Nutritional!-B₁₂ deficiency(pernicious anemia if no IF), folic acid deficiency

Liver disease-altered RBC membrane from cholesterol

HA-puses out immature RBC(increase reticulocytes + polychromasi)

Fe not availablie for Hgb synth. Problem w/ utilization. 

Normochromic/normocytic

Decrease synth of heme portion of molecue

Leads to accumulation of Fe in mitochondria.

Lots of Fe, not utilized.

Lead poisonin, alcohol

Intrinsic: Membrane or metabolic defects, hemoglobinopathies

Extrinsic: Autoimmune HA, malaria, venom

See shistocytes!(also in TTP)

1. Megaloblastic anemia-B12 and Folate deficiency-see hypersegmented neutrophils, DNA synth impaired
2. Liver disease-(membrane changes)
3. Hemolytic Anemia-(body responds w/ increase immature RBC, pumping out fast)
4. Newborns
5. Significant Reticulocyte count. 

Thrombocytopenia

Plt<100,000

1. Bone marrow infiltration(Leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, solid tumor metastasis
2. Infections
3. Drug Induced
4. Aplastic Anemia
5. Altered distribution
6. Increased destruction-ITP, TTP

Plt>400,000

1. Trauma/blood loss
2. Splenectomy
3. Myeloproliferative disorders(polycythemia vera)

1. Infections
2. Leukemia
3. Inflammation

1. Hypoplasia
2. Increase Destruction
3. Suppressed immune system
4. Transient Decrease due to meds

WBC<5,000cells/L

1. Neutropenia<1500
2. Lymphopenia<B and T

1. Viral Infections
2. Reactive Changes

1. Allergies
2. Parasites

1. Allergies
2. Hypersensitivity
3. Inflammatory conditions
4. CML

1. Chronic Bacterial Infections(TB and Syphilis)
2. Inflammatory Immune disorders