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Digestive System
Digestive System
104
Other
Not Applicable
05/05/2005

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Term
What is digestion? --2
Definition
breakdown of ingested food and absorption of nutrients into blood
Term
What is metabolism? --2
Definition
production of cellular energy-ATP and constructive/degradative cellular activities
Term
2 main groups of organs in digestive system
Definition
alimentary canal or GI tract and accessory digestive organs
Term
7 organs of the alimentary canal
Definition
"mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus"
Term
9 parts of the mouth (mouth anatomy)
Definition
"lips/labia, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, vestibule, oral cavity, tongue, tonsils"
Term
2 types of tonsils in the mouth
Definition
palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
Term
4 mouth processes/functions
Definition
"mastication, mixing masticated food with saliva, initiate swallowing by the tongue, allowing for sense of taste"
Term
3 parts of pharynx (anatomy)
Definition
"nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx"
Term
3 functions of pharynx
Definition
passageway for air and food; propels food to esophagus; movement of food by alternating contractions of muscle layers (peristalsis)
Term
2 functions of esophagus
Definition
conducts food by peristalsis and passageway for food only
Term
peristalsis
Definition
slow rhythmic squeezing
Term
2 muscle layers of pharynx
Definition
longitudinal (inner) and circular (outer)
Term
layers of alimentary canal organs
Definition
"mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (smooth muscle), serosa"
Term
mucosa layer characteristics (5)
Definition
"innermost layer, moist membrane, surface epithelium, small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria), small smooth muscle layer"
Term
submucosa layer characteristics (2)
Definition
"just beneath mucosa; soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics"
Term
muscularis externa
Definition
smooth muscle (2 layers-inner circular and outer longitudinal)
Term
serosa layer (2 layers of…)
Definition
outermost layer - visceral peritoneum (layer of serous fluid-producing cells) is inner of the 2 layers and parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
3 alimentary canal nerve plexuses
Definition
"submucosal, myenteric and subserous nerve plexuses"
Term
what do alimentary canal nerve plexuses do?
Definition
help regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs
Term
location of stomach
Definition
left side of abdominal cavity
Term
where does food enter the stomach?
Definition
cardioesophageal sphincter
Term
4 regions of the stomach
Definition
cardiac region (near heart); fundus; body; phylorus (terminal end)
Term
where does food leave the stomach?
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
rugae
Definition
internal folds of mucosa in the stomach
Term
external regions of stomach (2)
Definition
lesser and greater curvatures
Term
layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach (2)
Definition
"lesser omentum, greater omentum"
Term
lesser omentum
Definition
peritoneum of stomach that attaches liver to lesser curvature
Term
greater omentum
Definition
"peritoneum of stomach that attaches greater curvature to posterior body wall (contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs)"
Term
4 functions of stomach
Definition
storage tank for food; site of food breakdown; chemical breakdown or protein begins; delivers chyme (processed food) to small intestine
Term
specialized mucosa (columnar epithelium) of stomach - 5
Definition
mucous neck cells; gastric glands; chief cells; parietal cells; endocrine cells
Term
mucous neck cells
Definition
produce sticky alkaline mucus
Term
gastric glands
Definition
secrete gastric juice
Term
chief cells
Definition
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Term
parietal cells
Definition
produce hydrochloric acid
Term
endocrine cells
Definition
produce gastrin
Term
functions of small intestine - 2
Definition
body's major digestive organ; site of nutrient absorption into blood
Term
describe small intestine - 2
Definition
muscular tube extgending from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
Term
3 subdivisions of small intestine
Definition
duodenum; jejunum; ileum
Term
duodenum
Definition
attached to stomach - curves around head of pancreas
Term
jejunum
Definition
attaches anteriorly to duodenum
Term
ilium
Definition
extends from jejunum to large intestine
Term
bile enters ______ from the _______
Definition
small intestine - gall bladder
Term
nearly all food absorption occurs where?
Definition
small intestine
Term
villi of the small intestine - 2
Definition
fingerlike structures formed by mucosa; gives the small intestine more surface area
Term
microvilli of the small intestine - 2
Definition
small projections of the plasma membrane; found on absorptive cells
Term
3 structures involved in absorption of nutrients
Definition
"absorptive cells, blood capillaries, lacteals"
Term
Peyer's patches found in the_______ of small intestine
Definition
submucosa of small intestines
Term
2 characteristics of large intestine
Definition
"larger in diameter, but shorter than small intestine; frames internal abdomen"
Term
4 functions of large intestine
Definition
"absorption of water, eliminated indigestible food from body as feces, does not participate in digestion of food, Goblet cells produce mucus to act as lubricant"
Term
5 structures of large intestine
Definition
"cecum, appendix (hangs from cecum), colon, rectum, anus"
Term
4 parts of colon
Definition
"ascending, transverse, descending, s-shaped sigmoidal"
Term
5 accessory digestive organs
Definition
"salivary glands, teeth, pancrease, liver, gall bladder"
Term
saliva is mixture of
Definition
mucus and serous fluids
Term
saliva helps to form a food
Definition
bolus
Term
saliva contains ___________ to begin ___________
Definition
salivary amylase - starch digestion
Term
2 sets of teeth
Definition
deciduous (baby) and permanent
Term
classification of teeth - 4
Definition
"incisors, canines, premolars, molars"
Term
3 regions of tooth
Definition
crown (exposed part); neck (in contact with gum); root
Term
pancreas produces what?
Definition
digestive enzymes that break down food
Term
2 endocrine products of pancreas
Definition
insulin; glucagons
Term
largest gland in body
Definition
liver
Term
location of liver
Definition
right side of body under diaphragm
Term
liver suspended from diaphragm and abdominal wall by
Definition
falciform ligament
Term
liver connected to gall bladder via…
Definition
common hepatic duct
Term
composition of bile - 5
Definition
"bile salts, bile pigment, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes"
Term
location of gall bladder
Definition
sac found in hollow fossa of liver
Term
function of gall bladder
Definition
stores bile from liver by way of cystic duct
Term
digestive activity controlled by…
Definition
reflexes via the parasympathetic division
Term
deglutition
Definition
swallowing
Term
phases of deglutition - 2
Definition
"buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase, "
Term
6 GI processes
Definition
"ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defacation"
Term
presence of food or falling pH in stomach causes…
Definition
release of gastrin (which causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes)
Term
2 protein digestion enzymes
Definition
pepsin and rennin
Term
the only absorbtion that occurs in stomach is (2)
Definition
alcohol and aspirin
Term
what stimulates release of pancreatic juice? 3
Definition
"vagus nerve, local hormones - secretin and cholecystokinin"
Term
substances transported from small intestine to liver by…
Definition
hepatic portal vein or lymph
Term
no enzymes produced in the…
Definition
large intestine
Term
what digests remaining nutrients in large intestine?
Definition
resident bacteria
Term
nutrient
Definition
"substance used by body for growth, maintenance and repair"
Term
categories of nutrients
Definition
"carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water"
Term
metabolism
Definition
chemical reactions necessary to maintain life
Term
catabolism
Definition
substances broken down to simpler substances
Term
anabolism
Definition
larger molecules built from smaller ones
Term
_______ released during catabolism
Definition
energy
Term
major breakdown product and fuel to make ATP
Definition
glucose (blood sugar)
Term
glycosis
Definition
energizes a glucose molecule so that it can be split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules and yield ATP
Term
krebs cycle
Definition
produces virtually all of CO2 and H2O resulting from cell respiration AND yields a small amount of ATP
Term
electronic transport chain - 3
Definition
hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers; hydrogen split into H ions and H electrons in the mitochondria; electrons give off energy to enable production of ATP
Term
fat metabolism handled by
Definition
liver
Term
body cells remove fat and cholesterol to build… (2)
Definition
build membranes and steroid hormones
Term
fats must first be broken down into_________
Definition
acetic acid
Term
ingested proteins broken down into
Definition
amino acids
Term
production of ATP from protein (when protein overabundant) - 3
Definition
amine groups removed from proteins as ammonia; rest of protein molecule enters Krebs cycle in mitochondria; liver converts harmful ammonia to urea which can be elminiated in urine
Term
function of liver in metabolism - 3
Definition
detoxifies drugs and alcohols; degrades hormones; produce cholesterol and blood proteins
Term
glycogenesis
Definition
glucose molecules converted to glycogen molecules which are stored in liver
Term
glycogenolysis
Definition
glucose is released from liver after conversion from glycogen
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
glucose is produced from fats and proteins
Term
fats and fatty acids picked up by…
Definition
the liver
Term
most cholesterol is produced in the __________-
Definition
liver
Term
cholesterol and fatty acids transported by…
Definition
lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes)
Term
low-density lipoproteins
Definition
LDLs transport to body cells
Term
high-density lipoproteins
Definition
HDLs transport from body cells to liver
Term
basic metabolic rate (BMR)
Definition
amt of heat produced by body per unit of time at rest
Term
total metabolic rate (TMR)
Definition
total amount of kilocalories body must consume to fuel ongoing activities
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