Term
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Definition
breakdown of ingested food and absorption of nutrients into blood |
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Term
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Definition
production of cellular energy-ATP and constructive/degradative cellular activities |
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Term
2 main groups of organs in digestive system |
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Definition
alimentary canal or GI tract and accessory digestive organs |
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Term
7 organs of the alimentary canal |
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Definition
"mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus" |
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Term
9 parts of the mouth (mouth anatomy) |
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Definition
"lips/labia, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, vestibule, oral cavity, tongue, tonsils" |
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Term
2 types of tonsils in the mouth |
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Definition
palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils |
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Term
4 mouth processes/functions |
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Definition
"mastication, mixing masticated food with saliva, initiate swallowing by the tongue, allowing for sense of taste" |
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Term
3 parts of pharynx (anatomy) |
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Definition
"nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx" |
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Term
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Definition
passageway for air and food; propels food to esophagus; movement of food by alternating contractions of muscle layers (peristalsis) |
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Term
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Definition
conducts food by peristalsis and passageway for food only |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
2 muscle layers of pharynx |
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Definition
longitudinal (inner) and circular (outer) |
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Term
layers of alimentary canal organs |
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Definition
"mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (smooth muscle), serosa" |
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Term
mucosa layer characteristics (5) |
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Definition
"innermost layer, moist membrane, surface epithelium, small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria), small smooth muscle layer" |
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Term
submucosa layer characteristics (2) |
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Definition
"just beneath mucosa; soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics" |
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Term
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Definition
smooth muscle (2 layers-inner circular and outer longitudinal) |
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Term
serosa layer (2 layers of…) |
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Definition
outermost layer - visceral peritoneum (layer of serous fluid-producing cells) is inner of the 2 layers and parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
3 alimentary canal nerve plexuses |
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Definition
"submucosal, myenteric and subserous nerve plexuses" |
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Term
what do alimentary canal nerve plexuses do? |
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Definition
help regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs |
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Term
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Definition
left side of abdominal cavity |
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Term
where does food enter the stomach? |
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Definition
cardioesophageal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
cardiac region (near heart); fundus; body; phylorus (terminal end) |
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Term
where does food leave the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
internal folds of mucosa in the stomach |
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Term
external regions of stomach (2) |
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Definition
lesser and greater curvatures |
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Term
layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach (2) |
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Definition
"lesser omentum, greater omentum" |
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Term
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Definition
peritoneum of stomach that attaches liver to lesser curvature |
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Term
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Definition
"peritoneum of stomach that attaches greater curvature to posterior body wall (contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs)" |
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Term
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Definition
storage tank for food; site of food breakdown; chemical breakdown or protein begins; delivers chyme (processed food) to small intestine |
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Term
specialized mucosa (columnar epithelium) of stomach - 5 |
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Definition
mucous neck cells; gastric glands; chief cells; parietal cells; endocrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
produce sticky alkaline mucus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
produce hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
functions of small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
body's major digestive organ; site of nutrient absorption into blood |
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Term
describe small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
muscular tube extgending from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery |
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Term
3 subdivisions of small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
attached to stomach - curves around head of pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
attaches anteriorly to duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
extends from jejunum to large intestine |
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Term
bile enters ______ from the _______ |
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Definition
small intestine - gall bladder |
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Term
nearly all food absorption occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
villi of the small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
fingerlike structures formed by mucosa; gives the small intestine more surface area |
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Term
microvilli of the small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
small projections of the plasma membrane; found on absorptive cells |
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Term
3 structures involved in absorption of nutrients |
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Definition
"absorptive cells, blood capillaries, lacteals" |
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Term
Peyer's patches found in the_______ of small intestine |
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Definition
submucosa of small intestines |
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Term
2 characteristics of large intestine |
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Definition
"larger in diameter, but shorter than small intestine; frames internal abdomen" |
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Term
4 functions of large intestine |
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Definition
"absorption of water, eliminated indigestible food from body as feces, does not participate in digestion of food, Goblet cells produce mucus to act as lubricant" |
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Term
5 structures of large intestine |
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Definition
"cecum, appendix (hangs from cecum), colon, rectum, anus" |
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Term
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Definition
"ascending, transverse, descending, s-shaped sigmoidal" |
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Term
5 accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
"salivary glands, teeth, pancrease, liver, gall bladder" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
saliva helps to form a food |
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Definition
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Term
saliva contains ___________ to begin ___________ |
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Definition
salivary amylase - starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
deciduous (baby) and permanent |
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Term
classification of teeth - 4 |
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Definition
"incisors, canines, premolars, molars" |
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Term
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Definition
crown (exposed part); neck (in contact with gum); root |
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Term
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Definition
digestive enzymes that break down food |
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Term
2 endocrine products of pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
right side of body under diaphragm |
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Term
liver suspended from diaphragm and abdominal wall by |
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Definition
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Term
liver connected to gall bladder via… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"bile salts, bile pigment, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes" |
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Term
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Definition
sac found in hollow fossa of liver |
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Term
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Definition
stores bile from liver by way of cystic duct |
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Term
digestive activity controlled by… |
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Definition
reflexes via the parasympathetic division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
phases of deglutition - 2 |
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Definition
"buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase, " |
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Term
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Definition
"ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defacation" |
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Term
presence of food or falling pH in stomach causes… |
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Definition
release of gastrin (which causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes) |
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Term
2 protein digestion enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
the only absorbtion that occurs in stomach is (2) |
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Definition
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Term
what stimulates release of pancreatic juice? 3 |
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Definition
"vagus nerve, local hormones - secretin and cholecystokinin" |
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Term
substances transported from small intestine to liver by… |
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Definition
hepatic portal vein or lymph |
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Term
no enzymes produced in the… |
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Definition
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Term
what digests remaining nutrients in large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"substance used by body for growth, maintenance and repair" |
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Term
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Definition
"carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water" |
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Term
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Definition
chemical reactions necessary to maintain life |
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Term
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Definition
substances broken down to simpler substances |
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Term
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Definition
larger molecules built from smaller ones |
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Term
_______ released during catabolism |
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Definition
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Term
major breakdown product and fuel to make ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energizes a glucose molecule so that it can be split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules and yield ATP |
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Term
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Definition
produces virtually all of CO2 and H2O resulting from cell respiration AND yields a small amount of ATP |
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Term
electronic transport chain - 3 |
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Definition
hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers; hydrogen split into H ions and H electrons in the mitochondria; electrons give off energy to enable production of ATP |
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Term
fat metabolism handled by |
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Definition
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Term
body cells remove fat and cholesterol to build… (2) |
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Definition
build membranes and steroid hormones |
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Term
fats must first be broken down into_________ |
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Definition
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Term
ingested proteins broken down into |
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Definition
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Term
production of ATP from protein (when protein overabundant) - 3 |
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Definition
amine groups removed from proteins as ammonia; rest of protein molecule enters Krebs cycle in mitochondria; liver converts harmful ammonia to urea which can be elminiated in urine |
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Term
function of liver in metabolism - 3 |
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Definition
detoxifies drugs and alcohols; degrades hormones; produce cholesterol and blood proteins |
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Term
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Definition
glucose molecules converted to glycogen molecules which are stored in liver |
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Term
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Definition
glucose is released from liver after conversion from glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
glucose is produced from fats and proteins |
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Term
fats and fatty acids picked up by… |
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Definition
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Term
most cholesterol is produced in the __________- |
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Definition
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Term
cholesterol and fatty acids transported by… |
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Definition
lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) |
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Term
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Definition
LDLs transport to body cells |
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Term
high-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
HDLs transport from body cells to liver |
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Term
basic metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
amt of heat produced by body per unit of time at rest |
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Term
total metabolic rate (TMR) |
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Definition
total amount of kilocalories body must consume to fuel ongoing activities |
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