Term
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OVERALL:
1) a - Name first component of digestive system
b - Start and finish where
c - A _ tube. Length?
d - 3 main functions?
e - Contents? (7)
f - Independent? T or F? |
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Definition
1)
a - Alimentary canal
b - Start: oral cavity, Finish: anus
c - Muscular tube, 7-9 m long
d - store, digest, and move food along
e - Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
f - FALSE: needs help from other accessory digestive organs |
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Term
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OVERALL part 2: 1) a - Name second component of digestive system b - Functions? (2) c - Contents? (6) |
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Definition
| 1) a - Accessory digestive organs b - Ingestion and digestion of food c - Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, liver |
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Term
ORAL CAVITY & PHARYNX: SAGITTAL SECTION
[image]
1) LIPS aka __ are the beginning / _ _ of oral cavity
2) They contain two _ (_ & _)
3) The soft palate:
a - has an extension called what?
b - function? how?
c - You have to do what first to begin to swallow?
4) What bone is important here?
5) What do dental arches divide the mouth into? (2)
6) Which segment of pharynx is included in oral cavity? (obvious)
7) What does the epiglottis prevent?
8) What structures makeup the floor of the cavity? |
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Definition
1) Orbicularis oris - anterior border of oral cavity
2) Palates - hard & soft
3) a - Uvula
b - helps swallowing by lifting or spreading itself
c - push tongue against hard palate
4) Hyoid bone
5) Oral cavity proper & vestibule
6) Oro pharynx
7) Food from getting into trachea
8) Supra-hyoid muscles |
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Term
ORAL CAVITY: ANTERIOR VIEW
[image]
1) Name the two mucosal folds (+ aka) and what they do
2) What is found under the tongue?
3) Name the two pairs of arches found on each side of soft palate
4) What sits b/w the two paired arches on each side of mouth? |
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Definition
1) Superior labial frenulum (Upper lip line) & Inferior labial frenulum (Lower lip line)
- They both attach respective lip to gum
2) Lingual frenulum
3) a - Palatalglossal arch
b - Palatopharyngeal arch (deeper in mouth)
4) Palatine tonsil |
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Term
TOOTH:
[image]
1) Name the 3 parts
2) Name the type of tissue it has, fun fact? not-so-fun-fact?
3) What forms the core of tooth? What is it protected by (separate things in 2 areas)
4) Pulp cavity contains _ & _ for tooth
5) This covers surface of the root
6) Root canal carries _ branches (_ division) of CN _ that sensitizes your teeth
7) _ _ binds root to _ _ in mandible and maxilla |
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Definition
1) - Crown
- Neck
- Root
2) Enamel
- Hardest substance in human body, 9x stronger than bone tissue
- No way to increase thickness of enamel
3) Dentin
- Protected by enamel in crown area & cementum in root area
4) blood vessels & nerves
5) Cementum
6) sensory, maxillary division, CN V (trigeminal)
7) Periodontal ligament, bony socket |
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Term
TONGUE:
[image]
* Note that Palatopharyngeal arch, Palatoglossal arch and Palatine tonsil are all part of the tongue *
1) A muscular organ with _ muscles, all innervated by CN _
2) What divides the tongue into anterior and posterior parts? What shape is it?
3) What are the two parts of the tongue also called?
4) The root (aka _ _) makes up the posterior _/_ (length) of the tongue.
- It's an _ _ tissue
- contains pair of _ _ which form the posterior _/_ (length)
- Innervated by general and special sensory fibres from CN _
5) The body (aka _ _) makes up the anterior _/_ (length) of the tongue.
- Name the 4 epithelia structures (papilla) it contains
6) Which epithelia sits in front of terminal line and carries lost of tastebuds?
7) Which epithelia consists of vertical grooves on sides of tongue and carries taste buds?
8) What is the only epithelia (papilla) w/o tastebuds? What is it's function then?
9) What is the body of the tongue innervated by? (2 - be specific) |
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Definition
1) 19 muscles, XII
2) Terminal sulcus - reverse v shaped line
3) Pharyngeal part and oral part
4) Pharyngeal part, posterior 2/3.
- encapsulated lymphoid tissue
- lingual tonsils, 1/3
- CN IX
5) Oral part, anterior 1/3
- Circumvallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform (ALL papilla)
6) Circumvallate
7) Foliate
8) Filiform. Function: increases friction b/w tongue & food to improve handling of food
9) a - Mandibular division of Trigeminal nerve (V) sensory fibres
b - CN VII supplies taste fibres |
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Term
ESOPHAGUS:
[image]
1) Function?
2) Beginning @ what vertebral level
3) Passes through diaphragm at what vertebral level
4) Joins __ at vertebral level T XI (i.e. the end of esophagus)
5) Starts in what mediastinum and passes through which other?
6) ___ related (touches) to __. Also related to _ of _ & _ _
7) Difficulty in swallowing might mean _ _ (clinical term) |
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Definition
1) Carries food from pharynx down esophagus
2) C VI
3) T X
4) Stomach
5) Superior mediastinum -> posterior ""
6) Anteriorly, trachea. Arch of aorta, left atrium.
7) Mitral stenosis |
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Term
LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - PERITONEUM:
1) Exact same structure as _ _, meaning that is is a _ membrane, so it's main job is to produce _ fluid.
2) Why do we need a serous membrane covering the digestive system?
3) T or F: we need serous membrane in all of digestive system. Why? |
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Definition
1) serous pericardium, serous, serous
2) To produce lubrication / reduce the friction caused by S & L intestine when they move around (during digestion)
3) FALSE: only in the parts sitting BELOW diaphragm, (e.g. esophagus doesn't move so doesn't need it) |
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Term
| PERITONEUM DEVELOPMENT 1 [image] Our digestive system at the earliest point in development is just a _ _ sitting close to the _ wall. This primitive digestive system / alimentary canal is called _. [image] The ___ develops on the __ wall behind a large __ made by serous __ [image] As this primitive duct grows, it __ __ __ that balloon (similar story to lungs and heart) and it will turn into something like this. [image] Peritoneum has _ layers that are continuous. One layer is lining the inner surface of the abdominal cavity called _ _. The second layer in touch with viscera is called visceral peritoneum. The space between them (significantly exaggerated here) marked by X’s is called peritoneal _. The content of the peritoneal cavity is _ fluid (about _ ml) keeping the surfaces moist and fluid. In some areas, the parietal peritoneum is reflecting to become _ with visceral P. These reflection points can be simply be called _ . A specific example is the _, which is binding/anchoring the _ intestine to the posterior _ wall. |
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Definition
| - Straight tube - Posterior - gut ----------- - gut - posterior - balloon - membrane ---------------- - pushes itself into ---------------- - two - parietal peritoneum - cavity - serous - 20 - continuous - reflections - mesentery - small - abdominal |
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Term
| Which peritoneal layer produces serous fluid? |
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Definition
| Both (parietal and visceral) |
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Term
PERITONEUM:
[image]
* yellow is peritoneum *
what peritoneal reflexion stretches b/w liver & stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
PERITONEUM:
[image]
1) What reflection has been pulled back in this image to reveal S intestine?
2) What is attached to the posterior abdominal wall by a reflection called _ _.
- What abdominal regions does this structure occupy? (3)
3) Descending colon does not have any _
- It descends in (abdominal region) and ends in (abdominal region)
4) _ (reflection) is attaching coils of _ _ to _ abdominal wall
5) _ colon is another part of _ _ attached to _ abdominal wall by _ _. It occupies the L iliac abdominal region and ends in the true pelvis at level ??
6) Why do I have all these reflections? (length of alimentary canal ... each inch supplied by different ...) |
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Definition
1) Greater omentum
2) Transverse colon, transverse mescolon
- Transverse colon occupies R hypochondriac, umbilical & L Hypochondriac
3) mesentary
- descends: L lumbar region, ends: L iliac region
4) mesentery, small intestine, posterior
5) L intestine, posterior, sigmoid mesocolon. Ends at LEVEL SIII
6) The length of your alimentary canal is ~7 m long and every inch of that is supplied by a different artery! On top of that, lymphatic vessels, veins, and nerves. So to avoid the entanglement of all these things, the reflections keep everything in order – the main function of them! |
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Term
SAGITTAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
[image]
1) What marks the top border, above liver?
* Know what peritoneum is marked by green, which is marked by light and dark blue *
2) Lesser omentum is AKA?
3) What reflection hangs like an apron in front of _ _, but does support this organ?
4) Completely-enveloped-in-peritoneum viscera are called?
5) Partially-'' ''?
6) Which 5 organs are retro-peritoneal?
6a) Which parts of L intestine are retro-peritoneal?
7) Which organs on this image are intra-peritoneal? (general, not list)
8) What reflection is called "abdominal policeman"? Why? |
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Definition
1) Diaphragm
2) gastro-hepatic ligament (note: hepatic = liver)
3) Greater omentum, small intestine
4) Intra-peritoneal organs
5) Retro-peritoneal
6) Pacreas, duodenum, rectum, bladder, kidneys
6a) cecum, ascending colon, descending colon
***SO REMEMBER 5 RETRO ORGANS AND 3 RETRO SECTIONS OF L INTESTINE **
7) everything else
8) Greater omentum b/c it will wrap itself around a tumor to prevent its growth |
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Term
| STOMACH: [image] 1) Which (of the 9) abdominal regions is it located? (3) 2) What is the average capacity of stomach? 3) How long does food stay here? (specific for each nutrient) 4) _ joins to stomach by _ 5) If you draw a horizontal point across _, then you have 2 main parts of stomach: - Above: ? - Below: ? 6) Body of stomach gradually tapers down. The narrow part is called _ _ of stomach, which can then be subdivided into _ _, _ _ and at the very end, the _ _ (which is the _ of the stomach) 7) At the level of cardia, what sphincter do we find here? What does it control? (2 things) 8) Clinical note: if your _ _ _ doesn't work properly, you will get _ (acid reflux) and if you leave it up to tums, you risk getting _ cancer. 9) What does the shorter double-headed arrow here represent? What reflection attaches here? 10) What does the longer double-headed arrow here represent? What reflection attaches here? |
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Definition
| 1) L hypochondriac, epigastric, a bit of umbilical. 2) 1 – 1½ L 3) Depends, for e.g... - carbohydrates = 1/2 hour - proteins = 2 hours - lipids/fats = up to 4 hours 4) Esophagus, cardia 5) cardia: - above: FUNDUS - below: BODY 6) pyloric part, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter, end 7) lower esophageal sphincter: controls passage of food from esophagus to stomach & prevent stomach content coming back to esophagus 8) lower esophageal sphincter, G.A.R.D., esophageal cancer 9) Lesser curvature, lesser omentum attaches here 10) Greater curvature, greater omentum attaches here |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE: DUODENUM
[image]
1) Duodenum is the _ part of S intestine
2) How long is duodenum? (hint: name means 12)
3) Name the 4 parts
4) What does the 2nd (_) portion receive from pancreas? from gallbladder? These juices are highly _ to neutralize the _ of the stomach contents - what does this mean for 1st part of duodenum?
5) What length of S intestine does jejunum make up? What region (aka?) of abdomen does it occupy?
6) What makes up the final 3/5 of S intestine? What region of abdomen does it occupy? Where does it eventually pass food? |
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Definition
1) First
2) 12 fingers long (25 cm)
3) 1. Superior
2. Descending
3. Horizontal or inferior
4. Ascending
4) Descending receives secretions from pancreas and bile from gallbladder. Alkaline, acidity. 1st part (Superior) is at risk of duodenal ulcers b/c it doesn't have the alkaline protectivity
5) 2/5, central aka umbilical region * review the regions! *
6) Ileum, occupies hypogastric region, L intestine |
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Term
LARGE INSESTINE:
[image]
1) "cul-de-sec" of intestine? where?
2) What does the ileocecal valve control? What does it sit b/w?
3) Besides L intestine, what also opens to cecum? How long is it? Function?
4) What abdominal area does cecum occupy? |
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Definition
1) Cecum, first part of L intestine
2) passage of S intestine contents to L, sits b/w ileum and cecum
3) Appendix
- b/w 2-20 cm but avg. is 9 cm
- Below age of 10: major source of antibody production,
After age of 10: pointless
4) RIGHT iliac region |
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Term
SURFACE MARKINGS OF APPENDIX:
[image]
Imagine this is _ and here is the right _ _ _ _ (ASIS). Connect them with a straight line, like this. Divide the line into 3 cohorts. The junction of the _ _/_ and lateral _/_ of that line (shaded dot).
1) This is the surface marking for what?
2) What is it's name in medicine?
3) If someone had _, it first starts with a _ pain that the patient _ localize but after a few _, the patient _ localize it @ _ _, then you know they have appendicitis. |
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Definition
- umbilicus
- anterior superior iliac spine
- medial 2/3
- 1/3
1) Appendix
2)McBurney’s point
3) appendicitis, dull, cannot, hours, can, McBurney's point |
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Term
BACK TO LARGE INTESTINE:
[image]
1) Ascending colon bends _ to continue as _ _. What is the bending point called? What is it's location?
- What abdominal region does ascending colon ascend in?
2) What are unique to the L intenstine? What are they called? What do they produce when they contract? |
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Definition
1) sharply, transverse colon. Bending point = right colic (hepatic) flexure, right below liver (hence the name)
- ascending colon ascends in RIGHT lumbar region
2) Smooth muscle fibres called Teniae coli. Upon contraction, they produce sacs and pouches called haustrum (the bulges!!) |
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Term
Con't BACK TO LARGE INTESTINE:
[image]
1) Transverse colon bends _ to continue as _ _. What is the bending point called? Why?
2) What is the S-shaped part of L intestine called?
3) What is the anal canal surrounded by? (Recall, this is a muscle of ...?) |
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Definition
1) sharply, descending colon. Bending point = left colic (splenic) flexure b/c it is in touch w/ spleen.
2) Sigmoid colon
3) External anal sphincter, a muscle of perineum |
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Term
RECTUM:
[image]
** important part on image is blue veins ***
1) Veins here connect what to what?
2) These veins are called _ _. Why? |
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Definition
1) Connect portal system veins --> inferior vena cava
2) Hemorrhoidal veins, b/c recall: when portal pressure system builds up, these veins here will dilate resulting in → hemorrhoids |
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Term
SALIVARY GLANDS:
[image]
1) Parotid gland
a) Location?
b) What duct does it have? Where does it pass --> penetrate --> open?
c) What % saliva produced here?
d) What fibres from which CN cause saliva production here?
2) Submandibular gland
a) sits deep to what?
b) Y or N: palpable?
c) name it's duct and where it opens
d) fun fact about it in snakes
e) What does it do (that Max does)?
f) up to what % of saliva produced here?
g) which fibres from what cranial nerve controls saliva production here?
3) Sublingual gland
a) location?
b) T or F: has just one duct opening to the oral cavity floor
c) T or F: same saliva-controlling nerve as Parotid.
d) % of saliva produced here?
4) T or F: these are our only salivary glands.
5) T or F: we lose salivary glands as we grow older (past 30 yrs) and this causes dry mouths and loss of taste. |
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Definition
1)
a) anterior to and slightly lower than ear
b) Parotid duct: passes over masseter muscle --> penetrates mucosal membrane of oral cavity --> opens into vestibule of oral cavity
c) 30%
d) CN IX (parasympathetic fibres)
2)
a) deep to mandible
b) Sometimes
c) submandibular duct - opens to floor of oral cavity
d) extends to teeth to produce venom in snakes
e) Gleeks!
f) (up to) 40%
g) parasympathetic fibres of CN VII
3)
a) deep to mucosal membrane of oral cavity floor
b) FALSE: has multiple ducts opening here
c) FALSE: same fibres as submandibular (para. of CN VII)
d) 30%
4) FALSE: we have million scattered throughout oral cavity to keep it moist
5) TRUE |
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Term
LIVER:
[image]
1) The largest _ in our body! How big, you say?
2) In what abdominal region is it located (MAINLY)?
3) The right surface, _ surface and _ surface are all _ surfaces
4) The inferior surface is a _ surface and has _ caused by touching abdominal _
5) This means that liver technically has _ surfaces
6) T or F: Liver is a retro-peritoneal organ.
7) Name the ligament on the anterior surface. Where does it continue and attach? Divides liver into two (L&R) _
8) Name ligament on superior side. Single or Double layered? Attached liver to which surface of what?
9) What is found b/w two falciform layers? (hint: used to be umbilical vein and is now pointless)
10) What structure pokes out of underside of liver? |
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Definition
1) Gland
2) R Hypochondriac region
3) (R surface), anterior and superior = diaphragmatic surfaces
4) visceral, impressions, viscera
5) TWO
6) FALSE: it is completely surrounded by peritoneum so its INTRA-peritoneal
7) Falciform:
- Continues anteriorly and attaches to posterior side of anterior core
wall.
- LOBES
8) Coronary:
- Double layered
- Under-surface of diaphragm
9) Round ligament
10) Gallbladder |
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Term
INFERIOR SURFACE OF LIVER:
[image]
* memorize labels *
1) What factor makes liver transplants so hard?
2) Name the two lobes only visible on inferior surface - which larger lobe are they a part of physiologically? Why, physiologically?
3) So that means, the liver has. how many lobes?
a) physiologically: ?
b) anatomically: ?
4) Where is the Porta Hepatis found? What 3 things go in and out here? |
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Definition
1) The fact that the inferior vena cava makes a deep impression on the superior face of liver, and can sometimes even be completely embedded. If it is not separated carefully, the patient may die.
2) Caudate & Quadrate lobe:
- Part of LEFT lobe physiologically b/c they have same INNERVATION & BILE COLLECTION
3)
a) physiologically: 2 lobes
b) anatomically: 4 lobes
4) At the centre of inferior liver surface
- Hepatic vein
- hepatic artery
- bile duct |
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Term
STRUCTURES CLOSE TO LIVER:
[image]
1) Falciform is connecting liver to _ surface of _ _ _
2) _ is not related to liver
3) Stomach is related mostly to _ _ of liver
4) Recall that one function of peritoneal reflection is to provide passage for blood vessels, nerves etc. - knowing this, what do you think (related to liver) is contained within the gastrohepatic ligament (aka ...)? |
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Definition
1) posterior, anterior abdominal wall
2) Spleen
3) Left lobe
4) The contents of Porta hepatic (hepatic vein etc.) are found w/in the two layers of the gastro-hepatic ligament (aka lesser omentum) b/c this stretches b/w stomach and liver!!! |
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Term
INFERIOR LIVER + BILIARY SYSTEM (bile ducts + gallbladder):
[image]
1) A Fundus (which sticks out from the underside), Body and Neck make up which organ?
2) How many bile ducts are there? Name? |
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Definition
1) GALLBLADDER
2) TWO: L & R Hepatic ducts |
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Term
INFERIOR LIVER + BILIARY SYSTEM (bile ducts + gallbladder):
[image]
1) Explain route from L&R hepatic ducts ----> to where is bile released
2) What is the function of the gallbladder?
3) When do you need bile? |
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Definition
1) L & R HEPATIC DUCTS meet and join to form COMMON HEPATIC DUCT, which joins with CYSTIC DUCT (of gallbladder) to form COMMON BILE DUCT, which then passes behind duodenum, pancreas and meeting 2nd part of duodenum where bile is released
2) Stores and concentrates bile (bile from liver is not yet efficient)
3) When you have a lot of fat in your food. Bile emulsifies fat. |
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Term
PANCREAS (by Connie...read textbook)
[image]
1) Name 3 main parts of pancreas
2) What shape is it? Why?
3) Makes a lot of _ _ that drain into _ duct that runs along _ side of pancreas and this _ into _ after meeting up with the _ duct
4) Sits right next to _ (hint: where does it drain?)
5) What is the opening to the duodenum called?
6) Briefly explain it's role when you intake food |
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Definition
1) Head, Body (main part), Tail (left-most)
2) Globular b/c it’s made up of a ton of different cells
3) digestive juices, pancreatic, right, drains, duodenum, bile
4) Duodenum
5) Major duodenal papilla
6) Food intake heightens glucose levels --> pancreas produces insulin --> glucose lowered --> back to homeostasis! |
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Term
| NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: 1) Nerves: What supplies teeth of upper jaw, it's adjacent gingiva and palates? 2) Nerves: What supplies the teeth of lower jaw and adjacent gingiva? 3) Blood: What artery branch supplies blood for ALL teeth? |
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Definition
| 1) MAXILLARY DIVISION of CN V (trigeminal) 2) MANDIBULAR DIVISION of CN V 3) MAXILLARY artery - branch of external carotid artery |
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Term
| NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: tongue 1) What 2 nerves supply anterior 2/3 of tongue? (specific sense for each nerve) 2) The glossopharyngeal (CN ?) provides general & special senses to what part of tongue? AKA 3) The branch of what artery is the main blood supply for tongue |
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Definition
| 1) Facial nerve / CN VII = taste Mandibular division of trigeminal / CN V = general sensation 2) CN IX, posterior 1/3 AKA lingual tonsils 3) LINGUAL branch of EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY |
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Term
| NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: peritoneum 1) The _ autonomic nerve fibres carry the sense of _ peritoneum 2) The afferent _ nerve fibres (mainly phrenic and lower _) sensitize the _ peritoneum |
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Definition
| 1) Afferent, visceral 2) Somatic, intercostal, parietal |
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Term
| BLOOD SUPPLY: Alimentary canal 1) The _ aorta gives rise to some _ (v or p) branches. _ (#) of these supply the abdominal part of alimentary canal and accessory organs. Name them: 2) What does the celiac trunk / artery branch into? What 7 things does this supply? 3) What supplies (blood) the lower half of duodenum, small part of pancreas and R 2/3 of transverse colon? What 4 other things does it supply? 4) What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply? (5) (mostly parts of L intestine) "LD SURRRR" |
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Definition
| 1) Abdominal, visceral, 3: - Celiac trunk - Superior mesenteric artery - Inferior mesenteric artery 2) Celiac --> L gastric, common hepatic & splenic branches Supply: - Abdominal esophagus - Stomach - Liver - Upper half of duodenum - Most of pancreas - Gallbladder - Spleen 3) Superior mesenteric artery, also supplies: - S intestine - Cecum - Appendix - ascending colon 4) - L 1/3 of transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Upper part of anal canal - Rectum |
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Term
| NERVE SUPPLY: Abdomino-pelvic alimentary canal 1) In the abdomen we find _ plexuses associated with autonomic _ = synapse site for _ sympathetic fibres 2) Why is the association b/w these plexuses and the abdominal aorta branches important? 3) What are the sympathetic inputs to these plexuses provided by? (hint: 1 overall, 5 divisions) 4) What two nerves are the PARAsympathetic input to these plexuses provided by? 5) Outflow of these plexuses reach what to form what? |
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Definition
| 1) AUTONOMIC, ganglia, preganglionic 2) The aorta guide the surrounding plexuses to target organs and are thus named after them (i.e. celiac plexus, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses) 3) SPLANCHNIC NERVES: - Greater, lesser, least, lumbar & sacral 4) CNX & pelvic splanchnic nerves 5) Reach the abdominal part of Alimentary canal to form ENTERIC SYSTEM |
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Term
| NERVE SUPPLY: Salivary glands 1) Parasympathetic fibres of CN IX regulate saliva secretion from which gland(s)? 2) Parasympathetic fibres of CN VII regulate saliva secretion from which gland(s)? |
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Definition
| 1) PAROTID 2) SUBMANDIBULAR & SUBLINGAL |
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Term
| NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Liver & Gallbladder 1) The _ splanchnic & _ nerve (CN X) provide _ and _ fibres to liver and gallbladder via _ plexus 2) Which branch of celiac artery supplies blood to these two organs? |
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Definition
| 1) greater, vagus, sympathetic, parasympathetic, celiac 2) Common Hepatic Branch (recall: HEPATIC = LIVER) |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Pancreas
1) Which nerves innervate pancreas? (hint: same as liver/gallbladder but w/ one more plexus involved)
2) Which THREE (2 branches of 1 artery & another artery) supply blood to pancreas? |
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Definition
1) Greater splanchnic and vagus nerves provide sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres to pancreas via CELIAC and SUPERIOR MESENTERIC plexuses
2) Common hepatic and splenic branches of celiac artery + superior mesenteric artery |
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