Term
| Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms Coordinate activities of |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulatory mechanisms center around the _____ & why? |
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Definition
duodenum
•Where acids are neutralized and enzymes added |
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Term
Intestinal Absorption
•It takes about # hours for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum |
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Definition
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Term
| materials move through intestine by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how does the small intestine get the most when they are absorbing nutrients from food? (2) |
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Definition
1.Movements of the mucosa increase absorptive effectiveness
2.Constantly change environment around epithelial cells |
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Term
| The Large Intestine extends from |
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Definition
| Extends from end of ileum to anus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.Reabsorption of water= Compaction of indigestible materials into feces 2.Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria
3. Storage of fecal material prior to defecation |
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Term
| Parts of the Large Intestine (3) |
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Definition
1. cecum
2.colon (ascen,trans,descending,sigmoid)
3. rectum |
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Term
| The pouchlike first portion of lg intestine is the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.Receives material arriving from the ileum
2.begins compaction |
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Term
| The largest portion of the lg intestine is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hollow appendage dominated by lymphoid nodules |
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Term
| vermiform appendix location |
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Definition
| •Is attached to posteromedial surface of cecum |
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Term
| compare lg intestine to small intestine |
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Definition
| Has a larger diameter & thinner wall than |
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Term
| The wall of the colon Forms a series of pouches called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| expansion and elongation of colon |
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Term
| Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon is the |
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Definition
(taeniae coli)
Run along outer surfaces of colon
•Deep to the serosa
•Similar to outer layer of muscularis externa |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle tone in taeniae coli creates the haustra |
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Term
Serosa of the Colon
•Contains (1) |
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Definition
numerous teardrop-shaped sacs of
Fatty appendices |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Blood Supply of the Large Intestine
Receives blood from tributaries of (2) |
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Definition
| Superior mesenteric & inferior mesenteric arteries |
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Term
Blood Supply of the Large Intestine:
Venous blood is collected from |
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Definition
| Superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins |
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Term
| Forms last 15 cm (6 in.) of digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
expands for temporary storage of feces
*Movement of fecal material into rectum triggers urge to defecate |
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Term
| the last portion of the rectum |
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Definition
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Term
| The Anal Canal contains (1) |
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Definition
| Contains small longitudinal folds called anal columns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe the epidermis of anus |
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Definition
| keratinized epidermis (like skin) |
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Term
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Definition
Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
external anal sphincter (voluntary) |
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Term
| Internal anal sphincter def |
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Definition
| Circular muscle layer of muscularis externa |
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Term
| Internal anal sphincter has what kind of muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| External anal sphincter def |
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Definition
| Encircles distal portion of anal canal |
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Term
| External anal sphincter has what kind of muscle? |
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Definition
| A ring of skeletal muscle fibers, |
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Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
does it produce enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
what does it produce & why |
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Definition
mucus cells =mucous
lubrication for feces |
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Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
lamina propria and submucosa contain(1) |
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Definition
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Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa is reduced to |
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Definition
| the muscular bands of taeniae coli |
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Term
| what % of nutrient absorption occurs in large intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| primary fcn for lg intestine |
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Definition
| Prepares fecal material for ejection from the body |
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Term
the cecum helps to reabsorb
transports it where |
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Definition
bile salts
Transported liver via bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Important as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism |
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Term
| 3 Vitamins Produced in the Large Intestine & give polarity |
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Definition
1.Vitamin K (fat soluble)
2.Biotin (water soluble)
3.Vitamin B5 (water soluble) |
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Term
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Definition
Required by liver for synthesizing clotting factors, including prothrombin
(blood clotting) |
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Term
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Definition
| Important in glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters |
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Term
| how do materials move into cecum while you eat?(name 2 reflexes) |
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Definition
| Gastroileal and gastroenteric reflexes |
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Term
| Movement from cecum to transverse colon is very slow, allowing |
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Definition
| hours for water absorption |
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Term
| what moves material along length of colon |
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Definition
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Term
what mixes the contents of adjacent haustra
(name and give aka) |
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Definition
Segmentation movements
aka: haustral churning |
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Term
| what Produces flatus, or intestinal gas, in large intestine |
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Definition
| Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates (complex polysaccharides) |
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Term
| Bacteria break down peptides in feces and generate (3): |
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Definition
1.Ammonia
(•As soluble ammonium ions)
2.Indole and skatole
(Nitrogen compounds responsible for odor of feces)
3.Hydrogen sulfide
(Gas that produces “rotten egg” odor) |
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Term
| Movement from transverse colon through rest of large intestine requires |
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Definition
| powerful peristaltic contractions (mass movements |
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Term
| Stimulus is distension of stomach and duodenum; relayed over |
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Definition
| intestinal nerve plexuses |
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Term
| Distension of the rectal wall triggers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| defecation reflex is controlled by |
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Definition
| 2 positive feedback loops that Both triggered by stretch receptors in rectum |
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Term
| name the Two Positive Feedback Loops of the defecation reflex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Triggers peristaltic contractions in rectum |
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Term
Long reflex fcn
is coordinated by |
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Definition
1.Stimulates mass movements
2.sacral parasympathetic system |
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Term
| Rectal Stretch Receptors overall fcn |
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Definition
| •Also trigger 2 reflexes important to voluntary control of defecation |
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Term
| Age-Related Changes of the digestive system leads to the decline of: (5) |
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Definition
1.Division of epithelial stem cells
2.Smooth muscle tone
3. general motility
4.olfactory and gustatory sensitivities |
|
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Term
| age related changes in the digestive cause a rise in |
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Definition
1.Rates of colon cancer and stomach cancer
(Oral and pharyngeal cancers common among elderly smokers)
2.Cumulative damage from toxins (alcohol, other chemicals)
•Absorbed by digestive tract and transported to liver for processing |
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Term
| why does Division of epithelial stem cells decline? |
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Definition
| Digestive epithelium becomes more susceptible to damage by abrasion, acids, or enzymes |
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Term
| decrease of Smooth muscle tone and general motility cause? |
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Definition
| Peristaltic contractions become weaker |
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