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Definition
abnormal collections of chronic inflammatory cells (granulomas) form as nodules in multiple organs. The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. Granulomas most often appear in the lungs or the lymph nodes, but virtually any organ can be affected.
Diagnosis: Chest X-ray, Pet Scan, CT chest scan. Symptoms include arthritis, Dry Cough or none.
Treatment: Corticosteroids, lung transplant, Therepy |
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Definition
Inflammation of the blood vessels called vasculitis,often presents with mucous membrane ulceration, and ocular involvements, death can be caused by complicated rupture of the vascular aneurysms, or severe neurological complications.
Diagnosis: must have chronic mouth ulcers along with 2 of 4 symptoms: anal/genital ulcers, Skin lesions, Eye inflammation, or Pathergy reaction. other symptoms: arthritis or complications in any of the major body systems.
Treatment: none, corticosteroids controls the symptoms along with interferon alpha 2-a plus other meds. |
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Definition
Nerve dysfunction in the Esophagus which makes food hard to pass through the esophagus, it usually dilates the esophagus from the top and then pinches the ends near the sphincter where it leads to the stomach,
Diagnosis: Barium X-ray, Endoscopy (camera shoved down digestive system), Esophageal manometry (pressure recorder of the esophagus, usually no pressure in lower half of esophagus with Achalasia patients.
Treatment: Botulinum Toxin (Botox) is injected in the esphageal sphincter to relax the esophagus, Surgery cuts the esophageal muscle, or Balloon dilation. |
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Term
| Guillain Barre's Syndrome |
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Definition
a disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Ascending paralysis, weakness beginning in the feet and hands and migrating towards the trunk, is the most typical symptom. The disease is usually triggered by an acute infection. It is an autoimmune disease.
Diagnosis: The disorder is characterized by symmetrical weakness which usually affects the lower limbs first, and rapidly progresses in an ascending fashion. LP will check for inflated protein levels, EMG which measures electrical signals in muscles can also help diagnose GBS
Treatment: Plasmapheresis cleans blood of bad antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
most common type of liver cancer.It is a Tumor that starts from the liver however liver cancer can also be caused by metastatic tumors spread from other parts of the body, HCC can be caused by an infection of Hepatitis B or C,excessive alcohol intake, or Haemachromatosis (iron overload in liver)
Diagnosis: Ultra sound, CT scans, Endoscopic ultrasound, Magnetic resonance to test for hardness of liver.
Treatment: Liver transplant, Radiofrequency Ablation, Surgical resection, all in all low mortality rate, liver cancer most often means death within a few years with treatment. |
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Term
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick. The thickening makes it harder for blood to leave the heart, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood.
Diagnosis: Chest X-ray, Chest CT, symptoms include dizziness, chest pain, fainting, hypertension, Palpitations, and heart failure. can also be hereditary by mutating 1 of 9 sarcomeric genes
Treatment: no cure, Myectomy (cuts off excess heart muscles through surgery), Automatic Defibrillator implanted used to start heart if there is heart failure, and anti arrhythmia drugs to control obstruction of heart and slows down heart rate. |
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Term
Dystonia
Focal Dystonia
(affects certain parts of body like neck, wrists, eyes, or anus)
General Dystonia
(whole body Dystonia) |
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Definition
a neurological movement disorder, in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.Dystonia can occur in most places in the body where there are joints or muscles.
Diagnosis: The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs, particularly neuroleptics.
Treatment:treated with Botulinum Toxins injected in the muscle to relax them, Meds like Clonazepam are anti seizure drugs that are used to treat Dystonia however have risky side effects. |
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Term
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Definition
Purely genetic disease that leads to dementia, Dystonic posturing, intellectual changes, moodiness, psychiatric disturbance, fidgetiness or restlessness.
Diagnosis: inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. gene responsible for disease is on the short arm of Chromosome 4, there is an expanded and unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat of over 40 repeats.
Treatment: None, death is imminent, progression cannot be halted, fatal outcome between 15-20 years. |
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Definition
Only occurs in children younger than 5 years. Inflammation of arteries near heart which can cause arrhythmia and permanent heart problems but unlikely, usually passes in about 6 weeks, aneurysms could occur though.
Diagnosis: Echocardiogram (sound waves to test for artery and heart function), urine and blood tests to rule out other possibilities.
Treatment: Aspirin used to calm inflammation, Coronary angioplasty (a catheter inserted through the penis in which small balloon inflates and widens the inflamed artery), Anticoagulant drugs to prevent blood clots, and Gama Globulin injections. |
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Definition
a sleep disorder in which you're excessively tired during the day, either with or without a long sleep time.
Diagnosis:Excessive sleep documentation in sleep diary, extreme sleepiness on the Epworth Sleep scale, Polysomnogram that monitors brain, heart, oxygen, and eye activity during sleep.
Treatment: medical stimulants, and lifestyle modifications. |
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Term
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Definition
a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.The thick plaque buildup constricts blood flow and can cause ischemia. When the plaque breaks off it becomes a thromboembolism and when lodged in carotid arteries can cause ischemic stroke.
Atherosclerosis can be asymptomatic for years but the first noticeable symptom is usually heart attack or stroke.
Treatment: Angioplasty, Stenting, Diet changes, Stop smoking |
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Term
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Definition
narrowing or constriction of the inner surface (lumen) of the carotid artery, usually caused by atherosclerosis.The plaque can break off and lodge into smaller arteries of the brain and cause a transient ischemic attack or in more severe cases a thromboembolic stroke.
Diagnosis: Color Flow Duplex Ultrasound which is a scan of the carotid arteries.
Treatment: Carotid stenting, Anti platelet drugs, aspirin, Carotid endarterectomy, this surgery reduces chance of stroking. |
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Term
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Definition
a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalized hypoxia) or a region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. This can take the form of altitude sickness, or be caused by pulmonary embolism. A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition.
Diagnosis: Headache, Euphoria, shortness of breath, blue skin, sever hypoxia can lead to seizures and death.
Treatment: oxygen cylinders, in milder cases, the body can adapt to mild hypoxia, hyperventilation helps. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infarction is the formation of an infarct, that is, an area of tissue death (necrosis) due to a local lack of oxygen caused by obstruction of the tissue's blood supply. The obstruction could be caused by a thrombus or an embolism. A Heart attack is called a Myocardial Infarction which is caused by occlusion to the coronary artery. |
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Definition
| cells that coat axons in the central nervous system (CNS) with their cell membrane forming a specialized membrane differentiation called myelin, producing the so-called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently. |
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Term
| mTOR (Mammalian target of Rapamycin) |
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Definition
| this protein pathway regulates cell growth and cell division. The drug Rapamycin inhibits the development of mTOR which in turn decreases cell growth and proliferation, this is beneficial in some cancer treatments and kidney transplants however only phosphorylated mTOR has the function of controlling cell growth and cell proliferation, sometimes though phosphorylated mTOR doesn't promote cell proliferation and growth but this is probably just exception cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| drug used to control seizures and panic disorders. Medicine is a round tablet. Drug belongs to the benzodiazepine family. side effects include hallucinations, slurred speech, wet mouth, dry mouth, drowsiness, yellow skin, thoughts of suicide and others. Pregnant mothers should not take clonzapam. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It fights bacteria in your body.Amoxicillin is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections, bladder infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and E. coli or salmonella infection. tablets are ovular and white, side effects include, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, vaginal itching or discharge. Amoxicillin can be used by pregnant mothers. |
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Term
| Bystolic, generic name: Nebivolol |
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Definition
Bystolic (nebivolol) belongs to a group of drugs called beta-blockers. Beta-blockers affect the heart and circulation (blood flow through arteries and veins).
Bystolic is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Side effects include: Diarrhea, tired feeling, headache, insomnia, and swelling. |
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Term
| Ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolones family |
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Definition
| A antibiotic drug used to treat bone and joint infections. The drug kills bacteria by inhibiting DNA replication in the bacteria through disrupting with its DNA replicating enzymes. fluoroquinolones are not recommended for children or pregnant mothers.Ciprofloxacin can also treat inflamation diseases such as endocarditis which is inflamation withing the inner surface of the heart. Side effects include severe dizziness, yellow skin, seizures, among others. |
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Term
| Cephalexin, Cephalosporin group |
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Definition
| This medication is a type of antibiotic that kills bacteria withing the body by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall formation thus making it rupture. it is especially used to treat urinary tract infections,ear infections, skin infections, and upper respiratory infections. Side effects include mild vomitting, dizziness and diarrhea. |
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