Term
| Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) |
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Definition
slowly progressive, usually bilateral, deterioration of the sub-macular retinal pigment epithelium of unknown etiology
leading cause of legal blindness in adults >50 yo in developing world
cigarette smoking is a risk factor |
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Term
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Definition
affects 80% of pts with AMD
presents as drusen, yellow-white deposits under retina
also presents as clumping and atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) beneath the retina
no tx, but specific combo of antiox vit/mins reduces risk of severe vision loss in those with mod/advanced AMD by about 25% |
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Term
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Definition
new blood vessels grow from choriod, through retinal pigment epithelium barrier, into subretinal space of macula, leaking fluid or blood
distorts photoreceptors and causes blurred and warped vision (metamorphopsia) within days
tx - VEGF inhibitors (IV) |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
periocular pain, light sensitivity, eye redness, dec visual acuity, sometimes floaters
refer immediately
tx - immunosuppression for inflamm and anti-infective agents for infection |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial or fungal infection inside eyeball
rapid onset of severe pain, redness, vision loss
emergent referral
tx - immediate aspiration of vitreous for cultures, epiric injection of braod-spectrum antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
inflamm of slcera, often associated with systemic vasculitis and other active autoimmune disorders
redness, severe pain, scleral thinning (bluish)
tx - refer immediately |
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Term
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Definition
focal inflammation of deep subconjunctival tissue (episclera)
only mild or no pain, resolves spontaneously
tx - observation, oral NSAIDs, artifical tears
refer if no improvement after 48 hours |
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Term
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Definition
infection around the eyeball posterior to orbital septum, arises from skin infection or paranasal sinuses
pain, lid edema/redness, blurred or double vision
tx - emergent referral for IV abx, maybe surger |
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Term
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Definition
| retinal vasculopathy that causes visual impairment via macular ischemia, edema, neuropathy, and neovascularization-related complications |
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Term
| Background diabetic retinopathy (BDR) |
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Definition
often asx
microaneurysms, hard lipid exudates, cotton-wool spots, intraretinal hemorrhages, venous beading |
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Term
| Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) |
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Definition
neovascularziation and fibrous proliferation
blining complications such as vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachments, neovascular glaucoma |
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Term
| Diabetic macular edema (DME or CSDME) |
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Definition
| accumulation of intraretinal fluid from vascular incompetence of the blood-brain barrier within the macular |
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Term
| Retinal vascular occlusion |
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Definition
often associated with systemic arteriosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercoaguable states
transient monocular visual loss |
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Term
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Definition
result in irreversible infarction of inner retina
sudden, painless central vision or visual field loss
Hollenhorst plaques
cherry-red spot (associated with central retinal artery occlusion) |
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Term
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Definition
painless central or peripheral vision loss that evolves over hours to days
retina develops flame-shaped intraretinal hemorrhages, distended veins, sometimes cotton-wool spots |
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Term
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Definition
malignant neoplasm that can arise form iris, ciliary body, choroid
no sx unless involves macular region
clinical diagnosis
tx - plaque radiation or eye removal |
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Term
| Posterior vitreous detachment |
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Definition
vitreous pulls away from retina
brief flurry of flashing lights, floating web, vitreous hemorrhage (rarely)
emergent referral |
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Term
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Definition
separation of retina from retinal pigment epithelium
refer emergently for sudden flashes, floaters, field loss
referral more emergent if visual acuity is normal |
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