Term
| How does the dose response curve change with the addition of a noncompetitive antagonist compared to a competitive antagonist |
|
Definition
Competitive: no change in Vmax; increased Km (shift curve to right)
Noncompetitive: Decreases Vmax (shift curve down); decreases efficacy |
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with "worst headache of my life" |
|
Definition
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage (ruptured aneurysm) |
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with "waxy" casts in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with neuropathy + AV nodal block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with port-wine stain on the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
| Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis-->HLA-b27) |
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with lack of GpIIb/IIIa-->defect in platelets-->prolonged bleeding? |
|
Definition
| Glanzmann's thrombasthenia |
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with painless jaundice? |
|
Definition
| cancer of the pancreatic head, blocking the bile duct |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with a fracture of the shaft of the humerus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with injury to the surgical neck of the humerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with injury to the supracondyle of humerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with injury to the medial epicondyle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with an anterior shoulder dislocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is most at risk for injury with injury to the carpal tunnel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the phagocyte immunodeficiencies? |
|
Definition
Chronic granulomatous diseae
Chediak-Higashi disease
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Job's syndrome (Hyper IgE) |
|
|
Term
| What are the X-linked immunodeficiencies |
|
Definition
Brutton's agammaglobulinemia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
-sometimes HyperIgM |
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD4 belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD14 belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD16 belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD19 belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD3 belong? |
|
Definition
| All T cells except NK cells |
|
|
Term
| To what immune cell does CD8 belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the main distinguishing features in autistic disorder? |
|
Definition
| poor eye contact, poor communication skills, lower intelligence |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the main distinguishing features in Rett's syndrome |
|
Definition
| Seen in females, smalled head circumference early on, no normal development especially after 15 months. Midline hand wringing |
|
|
Term
| What developmental structure supplies oxygenated blood to the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental structure removes nitrogenous wastes from the fetal bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental structure is the fetal placental structure that secretes hCG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental structure is the maternal component of the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental structure returns deoxygenated blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Coronary sinus? |
|
Definition
| Left horn of the sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
SVC? |
|
Definition
| Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein |
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Smooth parts of the left and right ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Smooth part of the right atrium? |
|
Definition
| Right horn of sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Trabeculated left and right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which embryonic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure:
Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure divides the truncus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary trunks? What is the cellular origin of this structure? |
|
Definition
| Truncal and bulbar ridges spiral and fuse to form the aorticopulmonary septum (Neural crest migration) |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of fetal erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
1. Yolk (3-8wk)
2. Liver (6-30wk)
3. Spleen (9-28wk)
4. Bone marrow (28wk onward) |
|
|
Term
| Which bones in adults synthesis RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Sternum, Pelvis, Rib, Cranial bones, Vertebrae, Tibia, femur |
|
|
Term
| Which fetal vessel has the highest oxygenation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adult structures are derived from the 3rd aortic arch? |
|
Definition
| common carotid artery and proximal part of the internal carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What adult structures are derived from the 4th aortic arch? |
|
Definition
left: aortic arch
right: proximal part of right subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| What adult structures are derived from the 6th aortic arch? |
|
Definition
| proximal part of pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosis (left only) |
|
|
Term
| A 45 year old presents with BP of 160/90 on the right arm, 172/92 on the left arm, and no palpable pulses on the feet/ankles. What problem dose this pr most likely have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the blood flow through a PDA |
|
Definition
| Blood flows from pulmonary artery to Aorta, bypassing pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with chromosome 22q11 deletions? |
|
Definition
| Truncus arteriosus, tetrolagy of Fallot |
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with Down syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ASD, VSD, AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect |
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with Congenital rubella? |
|
Definition
| PDA, septal defects, pulmonary artery stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with Turner's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with Marfan's syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What congenital heart defect is associated with maternal diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Transposition of great vessels |
|
|
Term
| What problems are the offspring of diabetic mothers at risk for? |
|
Definition
Transposition of great vessels
Hypoglycemia after delivery
Large for gestational age (clavical fractures)
failure to progress during labor |
|
|
Term
| Monozygotic twins are delivered. One is pale and has a hematocrit of 15%, the other is flushed with a hematocrit of 55%. What is the cause of these features? |
|
Definition
| Twin-twin transfusion. Shared placenta or umbilical cord and one recieved more blood that the other |
|
|
Term
| A child presents with a cleft lip. What embryonic process failed? |
|
Definition
| Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate) |
|
|
Term
| What nerves innervate the 1st branchial arch and structures are derived from it? |
|
Definition
CN V2 and V3
Meckels cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenomandibular ligament, muscles of mastication, myelohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini |
|
|
Term
| What nerves innervate the 2nd branchial arch and structures are derived from it? |
|
Definition
CN VII
Reichert's cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament, muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric |
|
|
Term
| What nerves innervate the 3rd branchial arch and structures are derived from it? |
|
Definition
CN IX
Greater horn of hyoid, stylopharyngeus mm |
|
|
Term
| What nerves innervate the 4-6 branchial arch and structures are derived from it? |
|
Definition
4th: X, superior laryngeal branch
most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
6th: X, recurrent laryngeal branch
all intrinsic mm of larynx except cricothyroid
Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform |
|
|
Term
| From what branchial pouch are the middle ear and eustachian tubes derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what branchial pouch are the superior parathyroids derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what branchial pouch are the inferior parathyroids derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what branchial pouch is the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what branchial pouch is the thymus derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the tongue in the following way:
Taste to anterior 2/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the tongue in the following way:
Taste in posterior 1/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the tongue in the following way:
Motor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the tongue in the following way:
Sensation in the anterior 2/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the tongue in the following way:
Sensation in the posterior 1/3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What abnormalities are found in an Arnold-Chiari malformation? |
|
Definition
| cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly. Often presents with syringomyelia, thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic presenting symptoms of a syringomyelia? |
|
Definition
| "Cape-like" bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation; Most common at C8-T1 |
|
|
Term
| How does the presentation of a branchial cleft cyst differ from that of a thyroglossal duct cyst? |
|
Definition
Branchial cleft cyst: lateral neck, does not move with swallowing
Thyroglossal duct cyst: midline neck neck, does move with swallowing |
|
|
Term
| A 23 year old presents with one testicle. What is this patient at risk for? |
|
Definition
| This patient has an undescended testicle which has a 35x higher risk for developing malignant tumor of the testicle (usually germ cell) |
|
|
Term
| A 24 year old develops testicular cancer. Metastatic spread occurs via what route? |
|
Definition
| testes drain to para-aortic lymph node |
|
|
Term
| A 16 year old female presents with amenorrhea. It is later discovered that this patient lacks a uterus and uterine tubes, and there are two round structures in the midline just superior to the labia majora. What is the most likely cause of this patients amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome (XY Pseudohermaphrodite) |
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Prostate gland |
|
Definition
| Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Glans penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Corpus spongiosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Bulbourethral glands |
|
Definition
| Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) |
|
|
Term
What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Ventral shaft of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gene codes for testes determining factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Female with short stature and no Barr body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Chromosomal XXY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Chromosomal XO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Presence of ovaries but male genitalia |
|
Definition
| female pseudohermaphrodite (XX) |
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Unable to generate DHT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Both ovarian and testicular tissues present |
|
Definition
| True hermaphrodite (46XX or 47XXY) |
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Webbing of the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Male with Barr body in PMNs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Ambiguous genitalia until puberty, then masculinization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common congenital cause of late cyanosis |
|
Definition
| VSD causing Eisenmenger's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Most common congenital cause of amenorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common chromosomal disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of congenital mental retardation |
|
Definition
1 Fetal alcohol syndrome
2 Down syndrome
3 Fragile X syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Most common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the salivary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the muscles of the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the thymus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the aorticopulmonary septum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the bones of the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the cranial nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula |
|
Definition
| Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus attached to the trachea |
|
|
Term
| What is Potter's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the classic presentation for congenital pyloric stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Palpable "olive" mass in epigastric region and nonbilious projectile vomiting ant ~2weeks of age |
|
|
