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Drug classifications
Pharmacology
106
Other
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2008

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Term

ACE Inhibitors

Definition
prevent the synthesis of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
Term
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Definition
Promote the accumulation of acetylcholine, resulting in prolonged cholinergic effects
Term
Adrenergic
Definition

Produce effects similar to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Term
adrenergic blocking agents
Definition

inhibits the adrenergic system, preventing stimulation of the adrenergic receptors.

action: acts by binding to @-adrenergic receptors, causing dilation of peripheral blood vessels. lowers peripheral resistance, resulting in decreased blood pressure.

Uses:used for pheochromoctoma, prevention of tissue necrosis and sloughing assicuated wuth extravasation of IV vasopressors.

side effects: the most common side effects are hypotension,tachycardia, nasal stiffiness,nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea.

contraindications:hypersensitive reactions may occur,and allergies should be identified before these products are given.patients with myocardial infarction,coronary insufficiency,angina,or other evidence of coronary artery disease should not use these products

Interactions: vasoconstrictive and hypertensive effects of epINEPHrine are antagonized by @-adrenergic blockers.

Assess:

 electrolytes: K,Na,Cl,CO2

 weight daily, I&O

 B/P lying,standing before starting treatment, q4h thereafter

 nausea,vomiting,diarrhea

 skin turgor,dryness of mucous membranes for hydration status

administer:

 starting with low dose,gradually increasing to prevent side effects

 with food or milk for GI symptoms

Evaluate:

 therapeutic response:decreased B/P,increased peripheral pulses

Teach PT/family:

 to avoid alcholic beverages

 to report dizziness,palpations,fainting

 to change position slowly or fainting may occur

 to take drug exactly as prescribed

 to avoid all OTC products(cough,cold,allergy)unless directed by prescriber

Selected generic name: Phentolamine

Term
aldosterone receptor antagonists
Definition
block stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors by aldosterone, thus reducing high blood pressure by preventing sodium reabsorption.
Term
aminoglycosides
Definition
gentamicin, tobramycin, and related antibiotics; particularly effective against gram-negative microorganisms; noted for potentially dangerous toxicity
Term
anaglesics
Definition
narcotic and nonnarcotic; relieve pain without producing loss of consciousness or reflex activity.
Term
androgens
Definition
these steroid hormones produce masculinizing effects
Term
angiotensic II receptor antagonists
Definition
also known as ARBs (angiotension receptor blockers); act by binding to angiotensin II receptor sites, preventing angiotensin II (a very potent vasoconstrictor) from binding to receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle, brain, heart, kidneysm and adrenal glands, thus blocking the blood pressue- elevating and sodium- remaining effects of angiotensin II 
Term
anesthetics
Definition

for example; local anethesia, general anethesia; cause a lose of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness with or without loss of conciousness

Action: anethetics (general) act on the CNS to produce tranquilization and sleep before invasive procedures.Anesthetics(local) inhibit conduction of nerve impulses from sensory nerves.

Uses: general anesthetics are used to premedicate for surgery,induction and maintenance in general anesthesia. For local anesthetics,refer to individual product listing for indications.

Side effects: the most common side effects are dystonia,akathisia,flexion of arms,finetremors,drowiness,restlessness,and hypotension. also common are chills ,repiratory depreession,and laryngospasm.

Contraindications: persons with CVA,increased intracranial pressure,severe hypertension,cardiac decompensation should not use these products,since severe adverse reactions can occur.

Precautions: anesthetics (general)should be used with caution in the geriatric,cardiovascular disease(hypotension,bradydysrhythmias),renal disease,hepatic disease,parkinson;s disease,children<2 yr. the precaution for anesthetucs(local) is pregnancy.

Interactions: MAOIs,tricyclics,phenothiazines may cause severe hypotension or hypertension when used with local anesthetics. CNS depressants will potentiate general and local anesthetics.

Nursing considerations:

assess: VS q10min during IV administration,q30min after IM dose

Administer:  anticholinergic preoperatively to decrease secretions,only with crash cart resuscitative equipment nearby.

Perform/provide: Quiet environment for recovery to decrease psychotic symptoms

Evaluate: therapeutic response: maintanence of anesthesia,decreased pain

Term
antacids
Definition

reduce the acidity of the gastric contents

Action:

Term
antianginals
Definition

used to prevent or treat attacks of angina

pectoris

Term
antianxiety
Definition
used to treat anxiety symptomsor disorders; also known as a minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics; although the term transquilizer is avoided today to prevent the misperception that the patient is being tranquilized.
Term
antiarrhythmics
Definition
ised to correct cardiac arrythmias (any heart rate other than normal sinus rhythm)
Term
antibiotics
Definition
used to treat infections caused by pathogenic microbes; the term is often used interchangeably with antimicrobial agents
Term
anticholinergic
Definition
block the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system; also known as cholinergic blocking agents, antispasmotics, an.d parasympatholytic agents
Term
Anticoagulants
Definition
do NOT dissolce existing clots, but do prevent enlargement or extension of blood clots.
Term
anticonvulsants
Definition
suppress abnormal neuronal activity in the CNS, preventing seizures
Term
antidepressants
Definition
relieves depression
Term
antidiabetics
Definition
also known as hypoglycemics; inslude insulin (used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus) and oral hypoglycemic agents (used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus)
Term
anridiarrheals
Definition
relieve or control the symptoms of acute or chronic diarrhea 
Term
antienemics
Definition

used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting

Term
antiemetics
Definition
used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting
Term
antifungals
Definition

used to treat fungal infections

Term
antiglaucoma
Definition
used to reduce introcular pressure
Term
antigout
Definition
used in the treatment of active gout attacks or to prevent future attacks
Term
antihistamines
Definition
used to treat allergy symptoms; may also be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions
Term
antihypertensives
Definition
used to treat elevated blood pressure (hypertension)
Term
antilipemics
Definition

used to reduce serum cholesterol and /or triglycerides

Term
antimicrobials
Definition
chemicals that eliminate living micoorganisms pathogenic to the patient also called antibiotics or antiinfectives
Term
antineoplastics
Definition
also called chemotherapy agents; used alone of in combination with other treatment modalities such as radiation, surgery, or biologic response modifiers for the treatment of cancer
Term
antiparkinsons
Definition
used in the treatment of parkinson syndrome and other dyskinesias
Term
antipsychotics
Definition
used in the treatment of severe mental illnesses; also known as major tranquilizers or neuroleptics;, although the term tranquilizer is avoided today to prevent the misperception that the patient is being tranquilized.
Term
antipyretics
Definition
used to reduce fevers associated with a variety of conditions
Term
antispasmodics
Definition
actually anticholinergic agents
Term

antithyroid

Definition
used to treat the symptoms of hyperthyroidism;also known as thuroid hormone antagonists
Term
antituberculins
Definition
used to prevent or treat an infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
antitussive
Definition
used to supress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain
Term
antiulcer agents
Definition
these drugs, such as histamine-2 antagonists, decrease the volume and increase the pH of gastric secetions
Term
antivirals
Definition
used to treat infections caused by pathogenic viruses
Term
bronchodilators
Definition
stimulate receptors within the tracheobronchial tree to relax the airway passages and dilate the airway passges, allowing a greater voluime of air to be exchanged and improving oxygenation.
Term
beta blockers
Definition
inhibit the activitic transmitters, norepinephrene, and epinephrine; used to treat angina. arrhythmias, hypertenion, and glaucoma.
Term
calcium channel blocker
Definition
also called calcium ion antagonists, slow channel blockers or calcium ion influc inhibitors; inhibits the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane; used to decrease arrhythmias, slow rate of contration heart, and cause dilation of blood vesels 
Term

carbapenems

Definition
antibiotics (imipenepenem, meropenem) that have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; they act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Term
carobonic anhydrase inhibitors
Definition
interfere with the producation fo aqueous humor, thereby reducing intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
Term
cell-stimulating agents
Definition
improve immune function by stimulating the activity of various immune cells
Term
cholinergic
Definition
also known as parasympathomimetics, produce effects similar to those of acetylcholine
Term
cholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
these enzymes destroy acetylcholine, the cholinergic neirotransmitter
Term
colony-stimulating factors
Definition
stimulate progenitor cells in bone marrow to increase numbers of leukocytes, thereby improving immune function
Term
coating agent
Definition
this drug, sucralfate, forms a complex that adheres to the crater of an ulcer, protecting it from aggracation by gastric seceretions.
Term
corticosteroids
Definition
these hormones are secreted by the adrenal contex of the adrenal gland.
Term
cycloplegics
Definition
anticholinergic agents that paralyze accomodation of the iris of the eye
Term
cytotoxics
Definition
agents that cause direct cell death; often used for cancer chemotherapy
Term
decongestants
Definition
reduce swelling in the nasal passges caused by a common cold or allergic rhinitis
Term
digestants
Definition
combination products containing digestive enzymes used to treat various digestive disorders and to supplement deficiencies of natural digestive enzymes
Term
digitalis glycosides
Definition
a class of drugs, also known as cardiac glycosides, that increase the force of contration and slow the heart rate, thereby improving cardiac output
Term
diuretics
Definition
act to increase the flow of urine emetics used to induce vomiting
Term
estrogens
Definition
steroids that cause feminizing effects
Term
expectorants
Definition
liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands
Term
fluroquinolones
Definition
ciprofloxacin and related agents; widely used broas spectrum antibiotics
Term
gastric stimulants
Definition
used to increase stomach contractions, relax the pyloric valve, and increase peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract; result in a decrease in gastric transit time and more rapid emptying of the intestinal tract.
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
also known as adrenocorticosteroids; are used to regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Term
gonadal hormones
Definition
hormones produced by the testes in the male and ovaries in the female
Term
herbals
Definition
plant products usually sold as food supplements may have pharmacologic effects that are not evaluated or regulated by the FDA 
Term
histamine
Definition
(H2) antagonists decrease the volume and increase the pH of gastric secretions both during the day and the night
Term
HMG-CoA reductase enzyme inhibitors
Definition
also knwons as the statins; antilipemic agents that inhibit  hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase enzymes, the enzyme that stimulates the conersion of HMG-CoA to mecalonic acid, a precursor in the biosynthesis  of cholesterol, this reducing the potential for atherosclerosis
Term
hyperuricemics
Definition
used to decrease the production or increase the excretion of uric acid
Term
hypnotics
Definition
used to produce sleep
Term
Insulins
Definition
hormone required for glucose transport to the cells
Term
lactation supressants
Definition
used to prevent physiologic lactation
Term
laxatives
Definition
act by a variety of mechansims to treat constipation
Term
low molecular weight heparins
Definition
derivatives of heparin; anticoagulants for the prophylactic treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis
Term
MAO inhibitors
Definition
agents that block monoamine oxidase, thereby preventing the degradation and prolonging the action of norepinephrine and serotonin
Term
macrolides
Definition
erthyomycin, azithromycin, and related antibiotics
Term
mineralcorticoids
Definition

steroids that cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water

Term
miotics
Definition
cause constriction of the iris
Term
mucolytics
Definition
reduce the thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucous plugs to dissolve them
Term
muscle relaxants
Definition
relieve muscle spasms
Term
mydriatics
Definition
cause dilation of the iris
Term
neuromuscular blockers
Definition
skeletal muscle relaxants used to produce muscle relaxation during anesthesia; reduce the use and side effects of general anesthetics; used to ease endotracheal intubation and prevent laryngospasm
Term
nitrates
Definition
metabolize to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator used to treat angina
Term
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Definition
these "aspirin-like" drugs are chemically unrelated to the salicylates but are prostaglandin inhibitors
Term
opioids
Definition
centrally acting analgesic agents related to morphine
Term
oral contraceptives
Definition
used for birth control; administered orally
Term
oral hypoglycemics
Definition
used in type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glucose metabolism and lower blood glucose levels
Term
progestins
Definition
steroids regulating endometrial and myometrial function; used alone or in combination w estrogen for oral contraception
Term
protease inhibitors
Definition
saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and related drugs; block the maturation of human immunodeficiency viruses; HIV infections
Term
salicylates
Definition
effective as analgesics, antipyretics, and antiinflammatory agents
Term
sedatives
Definition
given to an individual to produce relaxation and rest; do not necessarilt produce sleep
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRRIs)
Definition
antidepressants  that act by specifically blocking the reuptake of serotonin, thus  prolonging its action
Term
serotonin antagonists
Definition
used to block serotonin; prevent  emesis induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery
Term
statins
Definition
(HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) block the synthesis of cholesterol
Term
stool softeners or fecal softeners
Definition
draw water into the stool, thereby softening it.
Term
sympatholytics
Definition
mimic the action of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Term
sympathomimetics
Definition
mimic the action fo dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Term
thrombolytics
Definition
a specific group of drugs (alteplase, anistreplase, stretokinase, urokinase) given to dissolve existing blood clots
Term
thyroid hormone antagonists
Definition
used to counteract or block action of excessive formation of thyroid hormones
Term
thyroid hormones
Definition
used when thyroid hormones are not being produced or are not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the body's physiologic needs
Term
tricyclic antidepressants
Definition
inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (inclide doxepin, amitriptyline, and imipramine)
Term
uricosuric agents
Definition
act on the tubules of the kidneys to enhance the excretion of uric acid
Term
urinary analgesics
Definition
produce a local anesthetic effect on the mucosa of the ureters and bladder to relieve burning, pain, urgency, and frequency associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Term
urinary antimicrobials
Definition

substances excreted and concentrated in the urine in sufficient amounts to have an antiseptic effect on the urine and the urinary tract

Term
uterine relaxants
Definition
used primarily to prevent preterm labor and delivery
Term
uterine stimulants
Definition
increase the frequency or strength or uterine contractions
Term
vaccines
Definition
suspensions of eith live, attnuated, or killed bacteeria or viruses administered to induce immunity against infection fo specufuc bacteria or viruses.
Term

vasodilators

Definition
relax the arteriolar smooth muscle, causing a dilation of the blood vessels
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