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Drugs Flash Cards
U-Iowa Drugs Unit 1
246
Medical
Undergraduate 2
02/10/2017

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Cards

Term
Pharmacology
Definition

study of the actions of

drugs (medications) on biological systems

Term
Pharmacy
Definition

production, compounding and

dispensing of drugs (medications)

Term
Drug
Definition

any chemical that interacts with and

exerts an effect on a biological system

(does not create a new process)

Term
Toxicology
Definition

study of the toxic effects of

chemicals (or drugs) on biological systems

Term
Xenobiotic
Definition
any chemical foreign to the body
Term
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Definition
required labeling of active ingredients
Term
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)
Definition
removed narcotics from the over the counter market
Term
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
Definition
required documentation of safety and labeling of inactive ingredients
Term
Durham-Humphrey Amendments to FDC (1951)
Definition
created Legend & OTC categories - regulated by FDA
Term
Legend Drugs
Definition
drugs requiring a prescription
Term
OTC Drugs
Definition
over the counter agents
Term
Kefauver Amendments to FDC Act (1962)
Definition
required demonstration of effectiveness
Term
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
Definition

replaced Harrison Narcotic Act and placed strict

controls on manufacture and dispensing of drugs

with potential for abuse

Term
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994)
Definition

removed regulation of vitamins, minerals, amino

acids, herbals & botanicals from purview of FDA

Term
3 sources of drugs
Definition

-biological: plants and lower organisms

-chemical modifications of existing drugs

-computer modeling of biosystems

Term
There are _____ stages to developing a new drug
Definition

4

investigational new drug (IND)

Term
Phase I of drug development
Definition
initial dose range and safety
Term
Phase II of drug development
Definition
usefullness and effective dose size
Term
Phase III of drug development
Definition
compare with best current treatment
Term
Phase IV of drug development
Definition
post-marketing monitoring
Term
Drug categories
Definition
Theraputic or Pharmacological use
Term
Therapeutic Use (examples)
Definition

-antidepressants: to treat depression (or pain)

-analgesics: to treat pain (or stop blood clotting)

Term
Pharmacological Class
Definition

-group or family (based on pharmacological

properties)

-similarities in drug target and action

Term
Drugs usually have _____ names
Definition

3

chemical, generic, and trade/brand name

Term
Of the chemical, generic, and brand/trade name, which one is the official name?
Definition
The generic name
Term
What is the "order" of the circulatory system (very simply)?
Definition
Left heart, body, right heart, lungs, repeat
Term
Two specialized area of circulation
Definition

1.) heart and lungs

2.) liver, spleen, GI track

Term
How does the crculatory system help drugs in the body?
Definition
absorbtion, distribution, and delivery
Term
Stomach
Definition

- it begins digestion of food

- it's acidic, contains enzymes

Term
Small intestine
Definition

- continues digestion of food

- absorbs most nutrients

- neutral, contains many enzymes

Term
Large Intestine
Definition

- colon

-absorbs water

Term
The nervous system (2 branches)
Definition

- central

- peripheral

Term
2 branches of the peripheral nervous system
Definition

- autonomic

-somatic

Term
2 branches of the autonomic nervous system
Definition

-sympathetic

-parasympathetic

Term
Sympathetic nervous system (neurotrasmitters)
Definition

epinepherine, norepinepherin

(also fight or flight response)

Term
Parasympathetic nervous system (neurotransmitter)
Definition

acetylcholine

(also rest and digest)

Term
Fight or flight
Definition

- increased heart rate

- increased blood flow to skeletal muscle

- decreased blood flow to abdominal organs

- pupils dilate

- decreased GI activity

Term
Rest and Digest
Definition

- decreased heart rate

- increased blood flow to abdominal organs

- pupils constrict

- increased GI activity: salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation

Term
SLUD
Definition
salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation
Term
Neurons (3 parts and communication)
Definition

- axon, cell body, and dendrites

- communicate by electrical means or chemical means

(e: action potential, c: neurotransmitters)

Term
What is DNA transcribed into?
Definition
RNA
Term
What is RNa translated into?
Definition
proteins (4)
Term
What are the four proteins that RNA translates into?
Definition

- structural

- enzymes

- regulatory

- transport

Term
3 basic forms of life
Definition
viruses, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
Term
Viruses
Definition
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Term
Prokaryotic cells
Definition

- little intrecellular compartmentation

- unicellular

- no membrane boung organelles

- <2 micrometers

Term
Eukaryotic cells
Definition

- considerable intracellular compartmentation

- contains nucleus

- 5-100 micrometers

Term
Pharmaceutical phase
Definition
disintegration of dosage
Term
Pharmacokinetic phase
Definition

- absorbtion and distribution

- also metabolism and exretion

Term
Pharmacodynamic phase
Definition

- drug-receptor interaction

- also metabolism and excretion

-effect shows

Term
Four routes of administration
Definition

- enteral

- parenteral

- pulmonary

- dermal

Term
Enteral administration method(s)
Definition

- oral

-sublingual (under tongue)

- rectal

Term
Enteral advatages and disadvantages
Definition

Oral

A: conventient, safe, and economical

D: irritation, degradation, complex formation, first-pass effect

Sublingual

A: bypasses liver and GI, rapid absorbtion

D: bad taste, irritation

Rectal

A: bypasses liver and GI, useful in comatose patients

D: inconvenient, lack of compliance

Term
Parenteral methods of administration (3)
Definition

- subcutaneous

- intramuscular

-intravenous

Term
Parenteral advantages and disadvantages
Definition

Subcutaneous

A: slow rate but prolonged duration of absorbtion

D: local irritation

Intramuscular

A: faster rate with prolonged duration of absorbtion, larger volumes (5-10 mL)

D: local irritation, can be painful

Intravenous

A: very rapid action, easily controlled

D: very inconvenient, irritation of vessels

Term
Pulmonary method of administration (1)
Definition
Inhalation
Term
Pulmonary advantages and disadvantages
Definition

Inhalation

A: respiratory diseases, anesthetics

D: limited usefulness, only gases/aresols

Term
Dermal routes of administration
Definition

- topical

- transdermal

- intranasal

Term
Dermal advantages and disadvantages
Definition

Topical

A: convenient, effective for local actions

D: absorption into circulation, irritation

Transdermal

A: convenient, effective for prolonged action

D: difficult to develop, skin irritation

Intranasal

A: local action, useful for protein drugs

D: nasal irritation

Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
compatible with water (proteins and carbohydrates)
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition

- also lipophilic

- not compatible with water (lipids)

Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition

- via lipid solubility

- high to low concentration

- goes through the membrane and the "insides"

Term
Active Transport
Definition

- via membrane carrier protein

- doesn't dissolve in membrane

Term
Aqueous Diffusion
Definition

- via gaps between cells

only tiny things can use aqueous diffusion

Term
Absorbtion can be influenced by (2)
Definition

- administration site

- blood flow to site of the body

Term
What do drugs use to distribute themselves throughout the body?
Definition
plasma
Term
What two types of tissues does the plasma take the drug to?
Definition
tissues with and without receptors
Term
Tissues with and without receptors end up __________.
Definition

With receptors: sites of excretion (also a biological response occurs)

Without receptors: sites of metabolism

Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition

- no gaps between calls (no aqueous diffusion)

- not very permeable to hydrophilic drugs

- very permeable to hydrophobic drugs

 

Term
Receptor Mediated
Definition
most drugs interact with receptors
Term
Non-receptor Mediated
Definition
some drugs do not interact with receptors
Term
Efficacy
Definition
measure of the extent of the response the drug elicts
Term
Potency
Definition
measure of the amount of a drug required to produce a given response
Term
Additivity
Definition
two drugs given together produce a response equal to the sum of their individual responses
Term
Potentiation
Definition
two drugs given together produce a response greated than the sum of the individual responses (synergism)
Term
Agonist
Definition
a drug that by itself produces a response (usually through receptor interaction)
Term
Antagonist
Definition
a drug that oesn't produce a response itself, but prevents the agonist response
Term
Side effect
Definition
drug affects that do not achiece therapeutic goals
Term
Adverse effect
Definition
a side effect with potentially serious medical consequences
Term
Toxic effect
Definition
very serious adverse effect that causes cell damage or cell death
Term
Idiosyncratic drug response
Definition
unusual or unexpected response to a drug that occurs in inly a small percentage of individulas after drug administration
Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition
allergic response to a drug that occurs in only a small % of individuals after administration of a limited number of doses
Term
Tolerance
Definition
decreased response to a drug resulting from repeated exposure to the drug
Term
Inactive metabolites
Definition
have little or no pharmacologial activity
Term
Active metabolites
Definition
have marked pharmacological activity
Term
Reactive metabolites
Definition
are more toxic than the parent drugs
Term
Sites of Drug Elimination (5)
Definition

- kidney

- liver/intestine

- saliva

- sweat

- breast milk

Term
Kidney
Definition
filters drugs and metabolites into urine
Term
Liver/Intestine
Definition
- liver contains metabolic enzymes
- drugs and metabolites secreted into bile, then into intestine
Term
Saliva
Definition
- filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites
Term
Sweat
Definition
- filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites
Term
Breast Milk
Definition
- partial filtrate of blood
- contains drugs and drug metabolites
Term
Why are drugs usually taken in consistent and equally spaced doses?
Definition
to maintain plasma concentration within the therapeutic range
Term
First-pass effect
Definition
the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
Term
Half life
Definition
period of time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half
Term
Maximal response
Definition
How much of a drug produces the maximum response before more is no longer effective
Term
Onset of action
Definition
amount of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to "show up" after administration
Term
Partial agonist
Definition
only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
Term
Therapeutic range
Definition
the dosage range usually expected to achieve desired therapeutic effects
Term
Contraceptive
Definition
any device or drug used to prevent pregnancy
Term
Estrogen ______ secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH. Estrogen _______ their release when at high levels for an extended period of time.
Definition
inhibits, stimulates
Term
GnRH
Definition
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- stimulates release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland
Term
FSH
Definition
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- promotes development of the ovarian follicle containing the egg
Term
LH
Definition
- luteinizing hormone
- promotes release of the egg from the ovary (LH surge)
Term
Androgens
Definition
- testosterone is an example
- development of male sex characteristics (acne and facial hair growth)
- inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion
Term
Estrogens
Definition
- estradiol is an example
- development of female sex characheristics
- increases uterine wall thickness
- released from developing follicle
- mildly promotes blood clotting
- maintains bone density
Term
Endometrium
Definition
inner epithelial layer of the uterus
Term
Follicle
Definition
- in ovaries
- hold egg cells
- secretes hormones
Term
LH surge
Definition
triggers ovulation
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
secretes GnRH, FSH, and LH
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition
secretes GnRH, FSH, and LH
Term
Progesterone
Definition
- development of female sex characteristics
- maintains the endometrium/pregnancy
- increases viscosity of cervical mucous making sperm entry into uterus harder
- released from corpus luteum i the ovaries and placents
- inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion
Term
Physical barrier devices
Definition
condoms, diaphragms
Term
Hormonal contraceptives
Definition
pills, shots, implants
Term
Non-hormonal, non-barrier
Definition
intrauterine devices (IUDs)
Term
Synthetic progestins can be derived from _______ (3)
Definition
- progesterone
- androgens
- spironolactone
Term
Ethinyl Estradiol
Definition
- daily oral synthetic estrogen
- side effects can cause blood clots
Term
How do estrogen contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Definition
- by inhibiting GnRH, FSH, and LH
- which prevents follicular growth and ovulation
Term
How do progestins contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Definition
- by inhibiting GnRH, FSH, and LH
- which prevents follicular growth and ovulation
- also increases cervical mucous viscosity
Term
Medroxyprogesterone (MPA)
Definition
- Depo-Provera, synthetic progesterone shot once every 3 months
- can cause amenorrhea, weight gain, and mood chages
Term
Progestins derive from androgens
Definition
- Norethindrone
- Levonorgestrel
Term
Norethindrone (Nor-QD)
Definition
- daily oral pill
- can cause acne and hirsutism
Term
Hirsutism
Definition
male-pattern hair growth
Term
Levonorgestrel (Norplant, Plan B)
Definition
- low dose: Norplant (implant) or Minera (IUD)
- high dose: Plan B (emergency contraceptive)
- can cause amenorrhea and acne
Term
Progestine derived from spironolactone
Definition
Drospirenone
Term
Spironolactone
Definition
drug that increases potassium levels
Term
Drospirenone
Definition
- daily oral pill
- can cause high potassium as a side effect that can cause heart problems
Term
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Definition
- creates mild inflammatory state that is toxic to sperm
- Copper or levonorgestrel
Term
Ulipristal/Ella
Definition
- postcoital/emergency contraceptive
- a partial agonist of progesterone receptors
- prevents ovulations
- can use up to 5 days after intercourse
- prescription only (Plan B is OTC)
Term
Mifepristone
Definition
- "abortion pill" up to 49 days after conception
- antagonist for progesterone
- induces shedding of endometrium
- opens cervix
- side effects can include bleeding, pelvic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea
Term
What, besides pregnancy, can contraceptives prevent?
Definition
acne
Term
Menstrual cycle
Definition
process of ovulation and menstruation
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
- when bones become brittle
- women are at a high risk after menopause
Term
Ovulation
Definition
release of an ovum (egg) into Fallopian tube from ovary
Term
Ovum
Definition
egg
Term
STIs
Definition
- sexually transmitted infections
- very common in the US and worldwide
- symptoms can occur wherever there's physical contact
- however most are asymptomatic
Term
Asyptomatic
Definition
no symptoms are produced or showing
Term
STIs most commonly occur in _______ (3)
Definition
genital, anal, or oral regions
Term
STIs are caused by _______ (5)
Definition
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- yeast
- protozoa
Term
Genital warts
Definition
- bumps on genital area, can be pustular
- spread by sexual intercourse
- is a viral infection
- most commonly caused by HPV
Term
Epididymitis
Definition
- inflammation of the epididymis
- can cause painful or burning urination
- can be caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
- is a bacterial infection
Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Definition
- can cause infertility in women
- can cause ectopic pregnancy
- bacterial infection
- causes inflammation, discomfort, foul odored discharge, spotting or burning sensation while urinating
- if untreated it can cause long term pain and scar tissue
Term
Ectopic pregnancy
Definition
- a pregnancy where the fetus starts to develop outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube
- can be fatal to mother
-almost always fatal to fetus
Term
Types of viral STIs
Definition
- HIV
- HPV
- Herpes
- Hep B
Term
Types of bacterial STIs
Definition
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
- syphilis
Term
HIV
Definition
- human immunodeficiency virus
- causes AIDS
-
Term
AIDS
Definition
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- caused by HIV
- transmitted through body fluids
- kills immune cells which increases opportunistic infections
Term
HPV
Definition
- human papillomavirus
- genital warts
- occurs in 50% of sexually active people
- asymptomatic in some
- can also cause cervical cancer
- first anti-cancer vaccine created
-transmitted through skin-to-skin contact in affected area
Term
Herpes
Definition
- herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- type 1: oral, skin sores
- type 2: genital
- can be through intercourse or birthing
- blistering sores
- can be treated with valacyclovir
Term
Hepatitis B
Definition
- hepanavirus causes Hep B
- can be acute or chronic (15% chronic)
- chronic can lead to liver disease
- transmitted through fluid contact and birthing
- can be treated with lamivudie
Term
Zidovudine
Definition
- reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- used to prevent and treat aids
Term
Saquinavir
Definition
- protease inhibitors
- used to prevent and treat aids
Term
Valacyclovir
Definition
- used to treat herpes
- inhibits DNA replication
- treats relapses/outbreaks
Term
Lamivudie
Definition
- used to treat Hep B
- 1st dose at birth
- 2nd at 1-2 months
- 3rd at 6-18 months
Term
What type of STIs have no cure, only treatments?
Definition
Viral STIs
Term
What treatments/cures can be given to people with bacterial, yeast, or protozoa infections?
Definition
- antibiotics for bacterial STIs
- antifungals for yeast and protozoa STIs
Term
What is the only way to prevent the spread of STIs?
Definition
condoms (male and female)
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
- chlamydia trachomatis
- caused by bacteria
- considered the "silent disease" because 50% M and 75% F are asymptomatic
- S/S include abdominal pain, pain during sex, fever, painful urination, or abnormal vaginal bleeding
- can be cured by azithromycin
Term
Azithromycin
Definition
- protein synthesis inhibitor
- take one pill and the chlamydia is gone
- side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Term
Gonorrhea
Definition
- neisseria gonorrhea
- bacterial infection
- often asymptomatic
- S/S: discharge, epididmytis, painful urination
- in infants it can cause blindness, joint infections, and blood disease
- can cause pustular discharge
- can be cured/treated by ceftriaxone, but can be antibiotic resistant too
Term
Ceftriaxone
Definition
- cures/treats gonorrhea
- inhibits cell wall synthesis
Term
Syphilis
Definition
- treponema pallidum
- can be asymptomatic
- primary: associated with painless sore called a chancre (10-90 days after infection)
- secondary: wide-spread rashes and flu-like symptoms
- tertiary: can be fatal (not reversible at this point)
- 75% of cases caused by male-male sex
- treated by penicillin
Term
Chancre
Definition
- "canker"
- painless sore
Term
Penicillin
Definition
- treats syphilis
- inhibits cell wall synthesis
Term
Trichomonas
Definition
- trichomonas vaginalis
- 15% of vaginal infections
- excessive discharge with unpleasant odor and/or color, painful urination, and vaginal itching
- increased risk of HIV
- treated by metronidazole
Term
Metronidazole
Definition
- treats trichomonas
- alters metabolism of protozoa
- DNA damage
- side effects: headache, nausea, dark urine
- DO NOT mix with alcohol (even a swallow), it will cause vomiting
Term
Candidiasis
Definition
- "yeast infection"
- vaginal discharge, itching, painful urination
- discharge is think and white
- "cottage cheese"
- treated with miconazole
Term
Miconazole
Definition
- treats yeast infections
- cell wall synthesis inhibition
- selective to yeast
Term
Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine
Definition
- Gardasil
- prevents HPV
Term
When should you seek treatment for STIs?
Definition
As soon as symptoms arise
Term
Protease inhibitors
Definition
antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS
Term
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Definition
antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis
Term
Infection with pathogenic microorganisms
Definition
- protozoa
- fungi
- bacteria
- viruses
Term
Pathogenic definition
Definition
able to infect or cause diease
Term
Bacteria examples
Definition
- food poisoning
- UTI
- strep throat
Term
Virus examples
Definition
- HIV
- Flu
- Herpes
Term
Main differences between bacteria and viruses
Definition
- size
- structure
- method of replication
Term
Bacteria structure
Definition
- have a cell wall and ribosomes
- nucleoid (no nucleus)
Term
Cell wall
Definition
provides strength and protection to cell
Term
Gram positive
Definition
bacteria without an outer membrane
Term
Gram negative
Definition
bacteria with an outer membrane
Term
Access routes for pathogenic bacteria
Definition
- cuts
- contaminated food or water
- close contact with infected person or their feces
- contaminated surfaces
Term
Viral envelope
Definition
allows for entry of virus into host cell
Term
Bacteria vs. Virus
Definition
A virus needs a host cell to replicate and grow as they have no cell walls of their own
while bacteria already has all of the parts to function on its own
Term
Capsid
Definition
protein envelope protecting RNA/DNA
Term
How do viruses enter the body?
Definition
- coughs and sneezes
- insect/animal bites (infected)
- bodily fluid exchange
Term
How do bacteria grow?
Definition
By DNA replication, protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis, makes two daughter cells
Term
How do viruses grow?
Definition
Viral DNA/RNA is released into host cell, nucleic acid is released into the host cell's genome, replication occurs
Term
How to prevent infections
Definition
- avoid contamination and contact
- physical barriers (latex gloves, condoms, etc)
- regular hand washing with soap and warm water
- hand sanitizer
- wearing masks
- disinfect with chemicals, UV radiation, or heat
Term
How do bacteria make me sick?
Definition
- they produce toxins that kill cells
- activate your immune system which is what causes fever, tiredness, and inflammation
Term
Systemic Bacterial Infection
Definition
- when bacterial spread throughout your body
- this leads to more toxins and cell death
Term
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Definition
a resistant staph infection
Term
Superbug
Definition
- very resistant to treatment
- MRSA is a superbug
Term
Gastritis
Definition
- inflammation of the stomach lining
- peptic ulcers
Term
Group A streptococcus
Definition
- strep throat
- impetigo (skin infection)
- scarlet fever (rash, fever, red tongue that looks like a strawberry)
Term
E. Coli
Definition
- food poisoning
- abdominal pain and diarrhea
Term
Staphylococcal bacteria (Toxic shock syndrome
Definition
fever, low blood pressure, confusion, coma, organ failure
Term
Salmonella
Definition
food poisoning
Term
Tuberculosis
Definition
growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lung
Term
Botulism
Definition
- prevents certain nerves from functioning
-can result in muscle paralysis
-anti-wrinkle Botox!!!!
Term
What do good bacteria do?
Definition
prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
Term
Probiotics
Definition
for life
Term
Antibiotic
Definition
substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
Term
Cephalosporium
Definition
- along with penicillin produces antibiotics
- made sythetically
Term
Selective toxicity
Definition
ability of an antibiotic agent to cause harm to the microbes without causing significant change to the host
(duck, duck, goose concept)
Term
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Definition
- prevent bacteria from synthesizing proteins
- can treat a wide variety of bacterial infections
Term
Neomycin
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Term
Tetracycline
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Term
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Definition
- prevent bacteria from making cell walls
- major side effect is allergies
- main drugs are penicillins and cephalosporins
Term
Metabolic antagonists
Definition
- inhibit essential bacterial enzymes
- used to treat UTIs
Term
Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones)
Definition
Metabolic antagonist
Term
Moxifloxacin
Definition
Metabolic antagonist
Term
Allergic responses to antibacterial use
Definition
- penicillin allergy (~10% pop)
- rashes
- anaphylaxis (low bp, difficulty breathing)
Term
Bacterial Resistance
Definition
- bacteria can mutate or evolve when challenged by antibiotics
- main cause is over-prescription or misuse
Term
Preventing Bacterial Resistance
Definition
- use high doses of correct antibiotics
- use as indicated
Term
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
Definition
- difficult to treat
- takes several drugs and 6-12 years
Term
Hospital antibiotic use
Definition
- inappropriate prescription (doctor)
- inappropriate use (patient)
Term
What are the majority of antibiotics used for?
Definition
Livestock animals
Term
Livestock industries
Definition
- use antibiotics to prevent illness
- promotes faster growth
- compensates for poor conditions
- problem is it generate antibiotic resistant bacteria that can be transferred to humans
Term
Super infections
Definition
antibiotic use or overuse can kill good bacteria which can allow bad bacteria to invade and grow
Term
Antitussive
Definition
drug used to prevent or relieve a cough
Term
Common Cold
Definition
- viral infection of nose and throat
- rhinovirus
- pneumovirus
- no treatments for the cold, just the symptoms (OTC)
- will last 7-14 days no matter what
Term
Influenza Virus
Definition
- common flu
- viral infection of respiratory tract
- causes fever and muscle ache
Term
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Definition
- bacterial infection transmitted by a tick
- S/S: fever, headache, rash especially on distal parts of limbs
- can be fatal if not treated
- treated by doxycycline (immediately after S/S)
Term
Vaccination
Definition
- stimulates an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen
- a biological preparation
- helps hos destroy viruses or bacteria before infection develops
Term
Meningitis
Definition
- inflammation of protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
- can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities
Term
How do viruses make me sick?
Definition
- they enter cells for replication and then destroy or compromise the host cells
- activates immune system which causes fever, tiredness, and/or swelling
Term
Amantadine
Definition
- prevents viral uncoating and entry into cells
- treats influenza
Term
Valacyclovir
Definition
- inhibits viral DNA replication
- used to treat herpes and HIV
Term
Chemical inhibitors
Definition
- amantadine
- valacyclovir
Term
Interferons
Definition
- made by virus-infected host cells allowing them to resist viral propagation
- degradation of viral mRNA
- inhibition of viral protein synthesis
- treats chronic Hep B & C
Term
Live attenuated vaccines
Definition
retained ability to replicate but no longer cause illness (measles, mumps, etc)
Term
Will antibiotics treat viruses?
Definition
NO!
Term
Using antibiotics wrong, as in trying to treat a cold or the flue is a main cause of _________
Definition
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Term
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Definition
- vasoconstriction effect (decreases nasal swelling and mucus production)
- bronchodilation (expands bronchii)
- side effects: increases blood pressure and heart rate
Term
Guaifenesin
Definition
- decreases viscosity of mucus
- eases breathing
- can cause allergic reaction
Term
Codeine
Definition
- useful for painful coughs
- it is a prescription drug because it is addictive
- has sedative and analgesic effects
Term
Dextromethorphan
Definition
- does not have sedative or analgesic effects
- common in non-drowsy or daytime cold medications
Term
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Definition
- antihistamines
- decreases bronchoconstriction (eases breathing)
- sedative effect
- in allergy medications
Term
Infectious mononucleosis
Definition
- mono
- "the kissing disease"
- S/S: fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, sometimes swollen spleen
- spread by saliva
- can last 1-12 months
- treatment is symptomatic
Term
Which is more severe, bacterial or viral meningitis?
Definition
bacterial
Term
UTI
Definition
- caused by E. coli mostly
- S/S: frequent urge to urinate, pain while urinating, small urine volume
- treatment (1-2 days) with ciprofloxacin
- cranberry juice's tannins reduce adherence of bacteria
Term
Doxycycline
Definition
- treats Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- protein synthesis inhibitor
Term
Zika
Definition
- spread by infected mosquitoes or sexual intercourse with an infected person or to a fetus
- S/S: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache
- most people are asymptomatic
- no vaccine as of yet so use insect repellent, wear long clothes, etc
Term
Zika causes what birth defect most commonly?
Definition
Microcephaly (small brain and skull)
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