Term
| 1. _____ is a biologic discipline which deals with the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the structural, functional, biochemical, and molecular changes which accompany disease states. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. _____ is the ability of cells to handle normal physiological demands. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. _____ is the loss of cell homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. _____ is the cause of disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. _____ is the manner of development of disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. _____ is any aspect of disease a patient tells a doctor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. _____ is any aspect of disease a doctor finds on a patient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. _____ is a condition that is usually happening within that is caused by some sort of genetic defect. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. _____ is an acquired condition that comes from the outside. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. _____ is having one condition that leads to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. In response to a stimulus, a cell will undergo a series of changes which may include some or all 3 of these features. |
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Definition
| 1) CELLULAR ADAPTATION, 2) REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY, 3) IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY |
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Term
| 12. Irreversible cell injury leads to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. The ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress is dictated by these 6 factors. |
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Definition
| 1) THE POTENTIAL FOR CELL REGENRATION, 2) THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURY, 3) THE DURATION OF THE INJURY, 4) THE CONDITION OF THE CELL, 5)THE LOCATION OF THE CELL, 6) THE DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION |
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Term
| 14. _____ cells are continuously renewing cell populations. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ cells are an expanding cell population. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. The most important classes of stable cells are _____ and _____ cells. |
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Definition
| LIVER AND EPITHELIAL CELLS |
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Term
| 17. _____ cells are a static cell population. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. The most common permanent cells are _____, _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| NEURONS, SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS, AND MYOCARDIAL CELLS |
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Term
| 19. 5 ways a cell can adapt to a stimulus. |
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Definition
| 1) ATROPHY, 2) HYPERTROPHY, 3) HYPERPLASIA, 4) METAPLASIA, 5) DYSPLASIA |
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Term
| 20. _____ refers to the shrinkage of a cell or organ due to a loss of organelles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. _____ atrophy consists of a normal loss of endocrine stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. _____ atrophy is caused by a diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, and a decreased workload. |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. _____ is an increase in the size of a cell or organ due to an increase in the number of organelles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. _____ hypertrophy is caused by an increased oxygen demand such as exercise. |
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Definition
| PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERTROPHY |
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Term
| 25. _____ hypertrophy is caused by excessive demands on an organ. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. A _____ is a pathological hypertrophy caused by hyperactivity of an endocrine gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. A _____ is a pathological hypertrophy caused by hyperactivity of a endocrine gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. _____ is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. 2 causes of physiological hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| 1) HORMONAL STIMULATION, 2) INCREASE IN RBC’S AT HIGH ALTITUDE |
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Term
| 30. 3 types of pathological hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| 1) ENDOMETRIOSIS, 2) PSORIASIS, 3) LIVER REGENERATION FOLLOWING DAMAGE |
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Term
| 31. _____ is a cellular change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type in response to persistent injury or irritation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. 2 different types of metaplasia. |
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Definition
| 1) SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA IN THE BRONCHUS OR BLADDER, 2) MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS |
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Term
| 33. _____ is the turning of soft tissue into a bone like mass. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. _____ is a pre-neoplastic lesion caused by a loss of uniformity of cells, as well as a loss in architectural orientation leading to disordered growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. _____, _____ and _____ may give rise to neoplasia which is cancer. |
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Definition
| DYSPLASIA, HYPERPLASIA, AND METAPLASIA |
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Term
| 36. Accumulation of material within a cell and/or organ fall into these 3 categories. |
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Definition
| 1) A NORMAL CELLULAR CONSISTUENT, 2) AN ABNORMAL SUBSTANCE, 3) A PIFMENT |
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Term
| 37. Substances in intracellular accumulation may accumulate _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| TRANSIENTLY OR PERMANENTLY |
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Term
| 38. Substances in intracellular accumulation may be either _____ or _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. Substances in intracellular accumulation may be located within the _____ of the cytoplasm or the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. Substances in intracellular accumulation accumulate due to these 4 causes. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASED PRODUCTION, 2) DECREASED METABOLISM, 3) INCREASED DEPOSITION, 4) DECREASED TRANSPORT |
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Term
| 41. 6 examples of intracellular accumulations. |
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Definition
| 1) STEATOSIS, 2) HYDROPIC CHANGE, 3) PIGMENTS, 4) PROTEINS, 5) GLYCOGEN, 6) CHOLESTEROL |
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Term
| 42. _____ is intracellular accumulation caused by a fatty change |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. _____ is intracellular accumulation leading to cellular swelling. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Pigments of intracellular accumulation may be either _____ or _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. What is an example of an exogenous pigment in intracellular accumulation. |
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Definition
| ANTHRACOSIS (COAL CAUSING BLACK LUNG) |
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Term
| 46. 3 examples of endogenous pigments in intracellular accumulation. |
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Definition
| 1) LIPOFUSCIN, 2) BILIRUBIN, 3) HEMOSIDERIN |
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Term
| 47. _____ are the functioning cells within the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. _____ are protein deposits in intracellular accumulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. _____ is accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. The most common organ involved in steatosis is the _____, while the 2nd most common organ involved is the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. 4 causes of steatosis. |
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Definition
| 1) PROTEIN MALNUTRITION, 2) TOXINS SUCH AS ALCOHOL, 3) OBESITY, 4) ANOXIA |
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Term
| 52. _____ is an increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. What is the most common cause of water accumulaton within parenchymal cells (cellular swelling). |
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Definition
| A LOSS OF ATP RESULTING IN THE FAILURE OF THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM ATPASE PUMP |
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Term
| 54. In cellular swelling occurs within the _____ and _____ of the cell. |
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Definition
| CYTOPLASM; CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES |
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Term
| 55. _____ is accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells, and within the interstitium. |
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Definition
| HEMOSIDEROSIS/HEMOCHROMATOSIS |
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Term
| 56. _____ hemosiderosis is a common bruise derived from hemoglobin upon the breakdown of RBC’s. |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. _____ hemosiderosis is caused by blood transfusions and hemolytic anemias. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. _____ is caused by an increased dietary absorption of iron, which is a genetic defect. |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. If one has hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis, they will have _____ granules. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. _____ are a group of diverse extracellular proteins deposited within a cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. 2 features of amyloid accumulation. |
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Definition
| 1) EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN THAT IS NON-FUNCTIONING, 2) AMYLOID DEPOSITS BETWEEN CELLS CAN INHIBIT NORMAL CELLULAR FUNCTION |
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Term
| 62. Silver like filaments/fibrils with a beta-pleated sheet ultra-structural morphology stains _____ with a congo red stain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. Amyloid accumulation is associated with _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| ALZHEIMERS DISEASE, MULTIPLE MYELOMA |
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Term
| 64. Cholesterol can accumulate in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls, which is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. Ultimately _____ is the #1 cause of death. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. 7 different causes of cell injury. |
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Definition
| 1) HYPOXIA, 2) PHYSICAL AGENTS, 3) CHEMICAL AGENTS, 4) INFECTIOUS AGENTS, 5) IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS, 6) GENETIC DEFECTS, 7) NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES |
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Term
| 67. _____ is a cause of cell injury due to ischemia or a decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. 4 physical agents that can cause cellular injury. |
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Definition
| 1) TRAUMA, 2) TEMPERATURE, 3) RADIATION, 4) SHOCK |
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Term
| 69. 5 chemical agent and drugs that can cause cellular injury. |
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Definition
| 1) BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 2) POSIONS, 3) POLLUTANTS, 4) INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS, 5) SOCIAL AND THERAPEUTIC DRUGS |
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Term
| 70. During cellular injury, if there is a lack of oxygen or excess of oxygen, there is a _____. |
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Definition
| DECREASED SYNTHESIS OF ATP |
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Term
| 71. During cellular injury, if there is an increase in intracellular calcium and a loss of calcium homeostasis, there is _____. |
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Definition
| ACTIVATION OF CALCIUM-DEPENDENT ENZYMES |
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Term
| 72. If we have excess intracellular calcium, _____ binds to the calcium and releases it activating calcium dependent enzymes that can destroy our cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 73. During cellular injury, if there is a depletion of ATP, there is a _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| LOSS OF MEMBRANE FUNCTION AND INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES |
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Term
| 74. _____ are cells responsible for laying down scar tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 75. Both _____ and _____ are reversible cell injuries, but they have the ability to become irreversible. |
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Definition
| CELLULAR SWELLING AND STEATOSIS |
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Term
| 76. 3 types of irreversible cellular injuries. |
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Definition
| 1) VACUOLIZATION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA, 2) RUPTRUE OF LYSOSOMES, 3) NUCLEAR CHANGES |
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Term
| 77. If lysosomes rupture, these 2 substances are released. |
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Definition
| LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND CREATINE KINASE |
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Term
| 78. During a myocardial infarction, if there is a high level of _____ in the blood it means the heart cells are greatly damaged. |
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Definition
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Term
| 79. _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a small shrunken and dark nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 80. _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a fragmented nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 81. _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a faded nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 82. 2 important causes of irreversible cellular injury. |
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Definition
| 1) HYPOXIC/ISCHEMIC INJURY, 2) FREE RADICAL INDUCED INJURY |
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Term
| 83. 9 hypoxic/ischemic causes of irreversible cellular injury. |
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Definition
| 1) COMPROMISED AEROBIC RESPIRATION, 2) INCREASED RATE OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS, 3) DECREASED CELLULAR PH, 4) ACUTE CELLULAR SWELLING, 5) DETATCHMENT OF RIBOSOMES FROM ROUGH ER, 6) MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, 7) SEVERE MITOCHONDRIAL VACUOLIZATION, 8) LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE RUPTURE, 9) ACTIVATION OF CALCIUM DEPENDENT ENZYMES |
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Term
| 84. _____ is a final common pathway in a variety of cell processes that leads to irreversible cellular injury. |
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Definition
| FREE RADICAL INDUCED INJURY |
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Term
| 85. Free radical induced injury consist of chemical special which are highly reactive, autocatalytic, and unstable that damages cells in these 3 ways. |
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Definition
| 1) LIPID PEROXIDATION OF CELL MEMBRANES, 2) OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR PROTEINS, 3) DAMAGE TO CELLULAR DNA |
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Term
| 86. 5 important free radicals. |
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Definition
| 1) SUPEROXIDE ANION, 2) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 3) HYROXYL ION, 4) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 5) TRANSITION METALS |
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Term
| 87. The role of _____ and _____ is to reduce free radical induced injury. |
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Definition
| ANTIOXIDANTS AND ENZYME INHIBITORS |
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Term
| 88. 4 important antioxidants/enzyme inhibitors that reduce free radical induced injury. |
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Definition
| 1) VITAMIN E, 2) CYSTEINE,3 ) CATALASES, 4) ALLOPURINALS |
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Term
| 89. _____ is a miscellaneous features of cell injury that implies the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| 90. _____ is calcium deposits in dead (necrotic)/non-viable tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 91. _____ is calcium deposition in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia. |
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Definition
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Term
| 92. What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia? |
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Definition
| OVERACTIVITY OF ONE OF THE 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS (PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM) |
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Term
| 93. _____ is a condition caused by lipofuscin accumulation leading to a small brown heart in elderly people, those who are bed ridden for years. |
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Definition
| BROWN ATROPHY OF THE HEART |
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Term
| 94. 2 diseases where you can have normal delivery of ATP to tissues with a lack of oxygen. |
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Definition
| 1) CO POISONING, 2) SICKLE CELL ANEMIA |
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Term
| 95. _____ Is an enzyme that hydrolyzes hypoxanthine into uric acid in the breakdown of ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| 96. In a state of ischemia, we have a build-up of _____, and _____ due to a lack of oxygen. |
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Definition
| URIC ACID AND XANTHINE OXIDASE |
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Term
| 97. Xanthine oxidase is a co-factor for _____ formation which causes reperfusion injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| 98. _____ is a drug that patients with gout use, that blocks xanthine oxidase not allowing uric acid to form. |
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Definition
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