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a basic measurement of thermal transfer (btus per hour) |
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a numerical measure of resistance to the flow of heat |
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keeps a building cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter by slowing down the passage of heat through the exterior surfaces of the building |
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reduces convective drafts; reduces energy consumption of the building (heating and cooling) to a fraction of the cost |
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3 basic forms of insulation |
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1. rigid foam & foam-in-place; 2. fiberglass blankets & batts; 3. blow-in loose fill |
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rigid foam & foam-in-place |
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highest R value per inch of thickness; very flammable |
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fiberglass blankets & batts |
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usually used in attic spaces only; easy and quick installation |
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Why is glass generally the most problematic envelop material? |
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high heat loss in winter (low R values), high heat gain in summer (direct solar radiation) through unshaded glass and poor orientation |
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criteria for selection of glass |
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energy performance, structural adequacy (wind-load, earthquake, snow-load resistance), temperature related stress/resistance, fire resistance, safety resistance |
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process of placing glass or glazing in windows and making a weather tight joint between the glass and its frame |
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synthetics that are particularly effective in allowing for the thermal expansion and contraction of glass |
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often used as alternate material to glass in skylights |
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ratio of solar heat gain through a specific type of glass that is relative to the solar heat gain through a 1/8" (3mm) ply of clear glass under identical conditions |
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as this number decreases, heat gain is reduced, which means a better performing product |
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tempered, heat-strengthened, laminated, fire rated, spandrel, fitted |
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made by sandwiching a transparent polyvinyl butyric (PVB) interlayer between sheets of glass which are all bonded together under heat and pressure |
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glass that is reheated and rapidly cooled, which causes it to break into pea-sized pellets |
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glass that increases R value (insulating value) and prevents condensation from forming on the glass; can be manufactured from almost any type of glass; sealed air space |
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glass has a silver coating that restricts energy flow; coating is applied on the inside face of double pane insulating glass that restricts thermal energy flow in a specific direction depending on placement |
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tinted to absorb a high degree of solar radiation, thus transmitting less solar heat and glare into building |
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made by placing wire mesh in the middle of glass during manufacturing process; glass remains intact and restricts the expansion of fire |
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glass that has an imprint on the surface with silk screened patterns of ceramic based paint (which consists of pigmented glass particles called frits) |
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has an opaque band covering the edge of floors in curtain walls (usually tempered or heat strengthened) |
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has a silver coating, usually used in interiors |
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sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal (tin) |
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exterior wall system that is attached to the structural framework of a building and carries no weight other than its own and wind loading that it transfers to the structure |
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New York; Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM); 1951-52; first example of the curtain wall expressed as an uninterrupted glass membrane |
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takes into consideration ingress/egress, visual connection with street, security |
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non-load bearing, multi level spans, supported by floor framing, site fabricated/prefab, climate modification, higher wind loads, image |
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made up of tempered glass sheets suspended from special clamps, or spider fittings and are stabilized against wind pressure by perp. stiffeners and/or cables |
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used as structural elements to carry glass gravity and wind loads |
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Beijing, China; Simone Giostra & Partners and Arup; 2008 Olympics; world's largest color LED display combined with China's first photovoltaic system to be integrated into a glass curtain wall (100% energy sufficient) |
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idea of a "folding facade" or a "fabricated facade" |
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to create a double skin that has a dual purpose: one explores the depth of the facade as a space that will be locally accessible through volume and plane projections creating occupiable space; second to allow for ventilation and airflow in the intermediate cavity |
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special glass with integrated solar cells, to convert solar energy into electricity (power for an entire building can be produced within the roof and facade areas |
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drawn glass (Fourcault process) |
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sheet pulled directly from a container of molten glass; glass seen in older houses that; replaced by float glass |
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prior to both drawn and float glass; dimensionally inaccurate and often created visual distortions |
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primary issues affecting the use of glass |
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orientation, shading, and type of glass |
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two main areas of concern are where glass fits into aluminum framing system and the perimeter of framing systems |
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types of glass curtain walls |
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stick system, unitized system, unit and mullion system, panel system, and column cover and spandrel system |
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oldest and most widely used; only one that does not consist of prefab wall units |
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breathing, patterned, textured, articulated, performative, media, interactive,green, biomimetic, self-cleaning, inflatable-membrane, high performance |
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