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Earthquakes and Other Natural Disasters Test 2
Test 2 for Baylor University's Earthquakes and Other Natural Disasters class
103
Geology
Undergraduate 1
03/04/2012

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Term
Continental Drift
Definition
Alfred Wegener in 1912
German Meterologist
stated all plates fit together
Term
Evidence for Continental Drift (8)
Definition
-the shapes of continents match
-Lateral movement of sea floor
-land features, fossils and climate
-identical fossils found on different continents that are now seperated
-mountain belts match
-age of rocks match
-glaciated areas match
-ice flow directions match
Term
Apparent Polar Wandering
Definition
continents move
Term
Remnant Magnetism
Definition
rocks can preserve a record of the earth's magnetic field
Term
Field
Definition
space over which a force acts
Term
Magnetism
Definition
attraction for iron
Term
Types of magnetic information
Definition
-polarity
-declination
Term
Polarity
Definition
location of north and south poles

-normal=today's magnetic field
-reversed=180 degrees away
Term
Declination
Definition
angle between magentic north and true north
Term
Curie point
Definition
-550 degree centigrade
-when hot rocks cool through this point they lock in the earth's magnetic field
Term
True or False? The continents wander NOT the magnetic poles
Definition
TRUE
Term
Evidence of Apparent Polar Wandering (3)
Definition
-declination of ancient rocks do not point to today's pole position
-layered rocks of differing ages have changing magnetic declination
-rocks of same age on different continents have differing pole locations
Term
Theory of Sea Floor Spreading
Definition
-sea floor moves laterally away from ridges
-magnma rse up to floor at ridges
-magma hardens to form new sea floor
-ridges crack and move apart from one another
Term
Evidence for Sea Floor Spreading
Definition
-age of seafloor
-sediemnts thicken away from ridges
-valleys run down the center of ridges
-Paleomagnetism
Term
Paleomagnetism
Definition
magnetic polarity stripes on the seafloor
Term
Earth's Layers
Definition
-Crust
-Mantle
-Core
Term
Properties of the Crust
Definition
-6-25 miles
-continental composition is mostly granite
-oceanic composition is mostly basalt
Term
8 most common elements found in the Earth's crust
Definition
-Silicon
-Oxygen
-Magnesium
-Potassium
-Iron
-Aluminum
-Sodium
-Calcium
Term
2 Minerals found in the Earth's crust
Definition
-Feldspar
-Quartz
Term
Propoerties of the Mantle
Definition
-makes up 80% of the earth
-mostly Olivine
Term
Olivine
Definition
made of:
-silicon
-oxygen
-iron
-magnesium
Term
Properties of the Core
Definition
-outer: liquid iron
-innner: solid iron
-circulation of the outer core causes the earth's magnetic field
Term
Lithosphere
Definition
-crust and upper mantle
-0-100 km
-rigid
-cold
-strong
-brittle
-less dense
Term
Asthenosphere
Definition
-mantle and core
-100-350 km
-plastic
-pliable
-weak
-hot
-flows
-more dense
Term
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Definition
-surface of earth is covered by 7 large lithospheric plates
-plates are created at ocean ridges and slide over asthenosphere
Term
3 Types of Boundaries
Definition
-Divergent
-Convergent
-Transform Fault
Term
Divergent Boundaries
Definition
-a line along two adjacent plates move apart.

-Ocean Ridges
-Spreading Centers
-Rift Zones
Term
Divergent Margins
Definition
places where new oceanic lithosphere is created
Term
Spreading Rate
Definition
distance/time
-measures the age of the seafloor
Term
Average Spreading Rate
Definition
3 to 4 cm/yr
Term
Varying Spreading Rate
Definition
2-20 cm/yr
Term
Atlantic Ocean Spreading Rate
Definition
3 cm/yr for 200 million years
Term
Origins of Divergent Boundaries
Definition
-rift zones and pulls away from continental crust
-as it pulls, basaltic magma extrudes creating oceanic crust
-valley floor sinks in
Term
Physical Aspects of Divergent Margins
Definition
-stress: tension or pulling
-earthquake activity
-volcanism
Term
Example of Divergent Boundaries
Definition
-Mid-Atlantic Ridge
-Iceland
Term
Convergent Boundaries
Definition
-two lithospheric plates move toward each other
-characterized by type of crust
Term
Oceanic-Oceanic Crustal Convergence
Definition
-Trenches
-Island Arc=an arcuate chain of volcanic islands
Term
Trenches
Definition
22 Trenches
-18 Pacific
-3 Atlantic
-1 Indian
Term
Deepest Trench in the World
Definition
Marianas Trench
-6.4 miels deep
Term
Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence
Definition
-Stress: Compression
-Earthquake activity:abundant
-High Magnitude
-Volcanoes: Abundant
Term
Examples of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence
Definition
-Aleutian Islands
-Japan
Term
Oceanic-Continental Crustal Convergence
Definition
-Trenches
-Continental Volcanic Chains
Term
Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Continental Convergence
Definition
-stress:compression
-earthquakes: shallow to deep
-high magnitude earthquakes
-volcanoes: abundant
Term
Examples of Oceanic/Continental Convergence
Definition
West Coast of South America (Andes)
Cascades (NW USA)
Term
Continental-Continental Crustal Convergence
Definition
-double thickness
-huge mountain chains
Term
Physical Aspects of Continental/Continental
Definition
-stress: compression
-high magnitude earthquakes
-shallow
-volcanoes: none
Term
Examples of Continental/Continental Convergence
Definition
-Himalayas
-Alps
-Appalachians
Term
Convergent Margins
Definition
crust is a passive passenger on the lithosphere
Term
Transform Faults
Definition
places where 2 lithospheric plates slide by each other(horizontal movement)
-lithospher is neither created nor destroyed
Term
Sea floor transform fault
Definition
perpendicular to spreading center
Term
Continental transform fault
Definition
parallel to spreading center
Term
Passive margin
Definition
where oceanic and continental crust are on the same plate
Term
Physical Aspects of Transform Faults
Definition
-earthquakes: abundant and shallow
-stress: shear
-Volcanoes: none
Term
Example of Transform Faults
Definition
San Andreas in CA
Term
Hot Spots
Definition
heat anomaly in the asthenosphere
Term
Characteristics of Hot Spots
Definition
-stationary
-create linear chain of volcanoes on earth's surface
-oldest volcano is farthest from hot spot and dormant
Term
Example of Hot Spots
Definition
Hawaiian Islands
Yellowstone
Term
Mantle Convection
Definition
motion caused by density changes due to heating
Term
Geology Stress
Definition
the push or pull on a rock
Term
Geology Strain
Definition
measure of change in shape to stressed material
Term
Types of Deformation
Definition
-elastic
-ductile
-brittle
Term
Elastic Deformation
Definition
-reversible
-changes in shape
-rocks store energy
EXAMPLE: Springs
Term
Ductile
Definition
-stretching or flowing of material without breaking
-irreversible
EXAMPLE: lava lamp
Term
Brittle
Definition
-breaking or fracturing
-irreversible
EXAMPLE: broken roads or concrete
Term
Slower and Hotter
Definition
more ductile
Term
Colder and Faster
Definition
more brittle
Term
Dipping Beds
Definition
-strike and dip
-orientation of rock layers
Term
Dip
Definition
angular measurement from horizontal and direction water would flow
Term
Strike
Definition
orientation of a line
Term
Folds
Definition
warps or bends in rock bodies
Term
Fault
Definition
fractures in earth along which slippage or displacement has occurred
Term
anticline
Definition
upward curving (an arch)
Term
syncline
Definition
convex curving (U)
Term
Fault Plane
Definition
has a strike and dip
Term
Dip Slip Fault
Definition
motion is parallel to the dip of the fault plane (vertical)
Term
Normal Fault
Definition
the hanging wall moves downward toward footwall
Term
Reverse Fault
Definition
hanging wall moves up over footwall
Term
Strike Slip Fault
Definition
parallel to strike of fault (horizontal)
Term
Seismology
Definition
study of earthquakes
Term
origin of earthquakes
Definition
sudden movement along a fault
they occur in the crust and upper mantle
Term
Elastic Rebound Theory
Definition
-rock is stressed and stores up energy elastically
-strength is exceeded and the rock breaks
-rocks on either side of the fault snaps back to original shape and releases the stored energy
-the amount of energy determines the size of the earthquake
Term
seismograph
Definition
-an instrument that can detect vibrations and shaking
-relies on inertia
Term
seismic waves
Definition
-waves that travel through rock
Term
waves
Definition
-an energy transfer mechanism
Term
wavelength
Definition
distance from crest to crest
Term
amplitude
Definition
height of the wave
Term
period
Definition
time it takes for one wavelength to pass
Term
frequency
Definition
periods per second
Term
focus
Definition
point of energy release
Term
epicenter
Definition
position above focus point on earth's surface
Term
body waves
Definition
pass through the earth and travel outward from focus
Term
surface waves
Definition
travel along surface of earth
Term
2 types of body waves
Definition
p waves
s waves
Term
P-Wave
Definition
-compression
-changes in volume and density
-can travel through solids,liquids and gases
-fastest
-parallel to direction
Term
S-Wave
Definition
-shear compression
-change in shape but not volume
-cannot pass through liquid or gases
-slowest
-perpendicular to direction
Term
Seismogram
Definition
recordings produced by seismograph
Term
mercalli scale
Definition
qualitative
based on effects of earthquake
scale: I-IX
Term
richter scale
Definition
quantitative
based on energy released
scale: 0-9
Term
Effects of an Earthquake (8)
Definition
-ground motion
-faults
-fire
-landslides/avalanches
-liquefaction
-tsunamis
-flooding
-ground settlement
Term
3 types of liquefaction
Definition
-lateral spread
-flow failure
-ground oscillation
Term
Tsunami
Definition
series of sea waves generated by an undersea disturbance
Term
caues of tsunamis
Definition
vertical displacement on sea floor
-MUST BE A DIP SLIP FAULT
Term
characteristics of tsunamis
Definition
-long periods
-long wavelengths
-fast

As they approach land:
-slow down
-amplitude increases
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