Term
|
Definition
Alfred Wegener in 1912 German Meterologist stated all plates fit together |
|
|
Term
Evidence for Continental Drift (8) |
|
Definition
-the shapes of continents match -Lateral movement of sea floor -land features, fossils and climate -identical fossils found on different continents that are now seperated -mountain belts match -age of rocks match -glaciated areas match -ice flow directions match |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rocks can preserve a record of the earth's magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
space over which a force acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of magnetic information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location of north and south poles
-normal=today's magnetic field -reversed=180 degrees away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
angle between magentic north and true north |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-550 degree centigrade -when hot rocks cool through this point they lock in the earth's magnetic field |
|
|
Term
True or False? The continents wander NOT the magnetic poles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Evidence of Apparent Polar Wandering (3) |
|
Definition
-declination of ancient rocks do not point to today's pole position -layered rocks of differing ages have changing magnetic declination -rocks of same age on different continents have differing pole locations |
|
|
Term
Theory of Sea Floor Spreading |
|
Definition
-sea floor moves laterally away from ridges -magnma rse up to floor at ridges -magma hardens to form new sea floor -ridges crack and move apart from one another |
|
|
Term
Evidence for Sea Floor Spreading |
|
Definition
-age of seafloor -sediemnts thicken away from ridges -valleys run down the center of ridges -Paleomagnetism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
magnetic polarity stripes on the seafloor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-6-25 miles -continental composition is mostly granite -oceanic composition is mostly basalt |
|
|
Term
8 most common elements found in the Earth's crust |
|
Definition
-Silicon -Oxygen -Magnesium -Potassium -Iron -Aluminum -Sodium -Calcium |
|
|
Term
2 Minerals found in the Earth's crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Propoerties of the Mantle |
|
Definition
-makes up 80% of the earth -mostly Olivine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made of: -silicon -oxygen -iron -magnesium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outer: liquid iron -innner: solid iron -circulation of the outer core causes the earth's magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-crust and upper mantle -0-100 km -rigid -cold -strong -brittle -less dense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mantle and core -100-350 km -plastic -pliable -weak -hot -flows -more dense |
|
|
Term
Theory of Plate Tectonics |
|
Definition
-surface of earth is covered by 7 large lithospheric plates -plates are created at ocean ridges and slide over asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Divergent -Convergent -Transform Fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a line along two adjacent plates move apart.
-Ocean Ridges -Spreading Centers -Rift Zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
places where new oceanic lithosphere is created |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distance/time -measures the age of the seafloor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atlantic Ocean Spreading Rate |
|
Definition
3 cm/yr for 200 million years |
|
|
Term
Origins of Divergent Boundaries |
|
Definition
-rift zones and pulls away from continental crust -as it pulls, basaltic magma extrudes creating oceanic crust -valley floor sinks in |
|
|
Term
Physical Aspects of Divergent Margins |
|
Definition
-stress: tension or pulling -earthquake activity -volcanism |
|
|
Term
Example of Divergent Boundaries |
|
Definition
-Mid-Atlantic Ridge -Iceland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-two lithospheric plates move toward each other -characterized by type of crust |
|
|
Term
Oceanic-Oceanic Crustal Convergence |
|
Definition
-Trenches -Island Arc=an arcuate chain of volcanic islands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
22 Trenches -18 Pacific -3 Atlantic -1 Indian |
|
|
Term
Deepest Trench in the World |
|
Definition
Marianas Trench -6.4 miels deep |
|
|
Term
Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence |
|
Definition
-Stress: Compression -Earthquake activity:abundant -High Magnitude -Volcanoes: Abundant |
|
|
Term
Examples of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oceanic-Continental Crustal Convergence |
|
Definition
-Trenches -Continental Volcanic Chains |
|
|
Term
Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Continental Convergence |
|
Definition
-stress:compression -earthquakes: shallow to deep -high magnitude earthquakes -volcanoes: abundant |
|
|
Term
Examples of Oceanic/Continental Convergence |
|
Definition
West Coast of South America (Andes) Cascades (NW USA) |
|
|
Term
Continental-Continental Crustal Convergence |
|
Definition
-double thickness -huge mountain chains |
|
|
Term
Physical Aspects of Continental/Continental |
|
Definition
-stress: compression -high magnitude earthquakes -shallow -volcanoes: none |
|
|
Term
Examples of Continental/Continental Convergence |
|
Definition
-Himalayas -Alps -Appalachians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crust is a passive passenger on the lithosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
places where 2 lithospheric plates slide by each other(horizontal movement) -lithospher is neither created nor destroyed |
|
|
Term
Sea floor transform fault |
|
Definition
perpendicular to spreading center |
|
|
Term
Continental transform fault |
|
Definition
parallel to spreading center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where oceanic and continental crust are on the same plate |
|
|
Term
Physical Aspects of Transform Faults |
|
Definition
-earthquakes: abundant and shallow -stress: shear -Volcanoes: none |
|
|
Term
Example of Transform Faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heat anomaly in the asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
Characteristics of Hot Spots |
|
Definition
-stationary -create linear chain of volcanoes on earth's surface -oldest volcano is farthest from hot spot and dormant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hawaiian Islands Yellowstone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motion caused by density changes due to heating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the push or pull on a rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measure of change in shape to stressed material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reversible -changes in shape -rocks store energy EXAMPLE: Springs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stretching or flowing of material without breaking -irreversible EXAMPLE: lava lamp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-breaking or fracturing -irreversible EXAMPLE: broken roads or concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strike and dip -orientation of rock layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
angular measurement from horizontal and direction water would flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
warps or bends in rock bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fractures in earth along which slippage or displacement has occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motion is parallel to the dip of the fault plane (vertical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hanging wall moves downward toward footwall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hanging wall moves up over footwall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parallel to strike of fault (horizontal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden movement along a fault they occur in the crust and upper mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rock is stressed and stores up energy elastically -strength is exceeded and the rock breaks -rocks on either side of the fault snaps back to original shape and releases the stored energy -the amount of energy determines the size of the earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an instrument that can detect vibrations and shaking -relies on inertia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-waves that travel through rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an energy transfer mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distance from crest to crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
time it takes for one wavelength to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
position above focus point on earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pass through the earth and travel outward from focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
travel along surface of earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-compression -changes in volume and density -can travel through solids,liquids and gases -fastest -parallel to direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shear compression -change in shape but not volume -cannot pass through liquid or gases -slowest -perpendicular to direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recordings produced by seismograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
qualitative based on effects of earthquake scale: I-IX |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quantitative based on energy released scale: 0-9 |
|
|
Term
Effects of an Earthquake (8) |
|
Definition
-ground motion -faults -fire -landslides/avalanches -liquefaction -tsunamis -flooding -ground settlement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lateral spread -flow failure -ground oscillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
series of sea waves generated by an undersea disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertical displacement on sea floor -MUST BE A DIP SLIP FAULT |
|
|
Term
characteristics of tsunamis |
|
Definition
-long periods -long wavelengths -fast
As they approach land: -slow down -amplitude increases |
|
|