1) HRE, Ottoman Empire, Polish Kingdom

2) Russia, Austria, Prussia

1) Reformation

2) Religious Wars (30 Years' War) among Princes of Germany

Who was the most powerful ruler in the world during the 16th centruy?

What empire did he control?

1) Suleiman the Magnificent

2) Ottoman Empire

What were the Janissary Corps?

How were the Turks treating other religions?

1) Christian slaves who were in the Turkish army

2) With tolerance

What was unique about the voting in Poland in its parliament?

What was this called?

1) Everyone had to come to a unanimous vote

2) Liberum Veto

Why were Eastern European monarchs motivated to consolidate power?

What did this result in?

1) Threat from other countries and Asia

2) Political power of nobles reduced; nobles got peasantry

Why did many of the nobles turn to serfs?

What laws were passed that wasn't in the serf's favor?

1)Because there was a great need for cheap labor.

2)Illegal for peasants to move & they couldn't move out of social class

What was Hereditary Serfdom in Poland, Russia, and Prussia?

What law in Poland was established on the Serfs?

What did the Russian tsar pass on the Serfs?

1) Family of serfs, generations

2) death penalities on serfs whenever they wanted to

3) 9 years term limit on capturing runaway serfs

1) West: Urban, central

2) East: Agriculture, dissunified

What were the 3 sections of Austria?

What was hard about ruling Austria?

1) Austria Proper, Bohemia, and Hungary

2) different regions, languages, customs, and hard to unify

What happened to the nobility in Bohemia?

What did Ferdinand II do as a result of this?

1)Wiped out from 30 Years' War

2) gave these lands to his aristocratic soldiers in the hopes that ehy will be loyal to him

Who issued Pragmatic Santion (1713)?

What was it?

What was the purpose?

1) Charles VI

2) Legal document that said the throne would always be Hapsburg even if it were female (Maria Theresa).

3) So that the Hapsburgs wouldn't be taken by other countries like in the War of Spanish Succession.

Who was the ruler of Brandenberg?

He was one of the few who could elect who?

1) Frederick WIlliam the Great Elector

2) Holy Roman Emperor

Why did Frederick William the Great elector feel the need to raise an army?

How did he get the Junkers to agree?

1) Because Sweden  and Poland were fighting and they threatened his people

2) Told them they could get the serfs

1) Against the Nobles

2) Unified Prussia into a strong state

What did Frederick William I believe in?

How did this affect the army?

How did he use his army?

1) Militarism

2) doubled the army (80% of government money went to them)

3) Never used it, just had it to intimidate others of Prussia

What did Frederick William I make his kingdom do?

How did he treat his kingdom?

What did this result in?

1) Obedience to the state/monarch

2) Like an army

3) Made it the most efficient bureaucracy in Europe

1) Expansion

2) Consolidating power

3) Westernizing

Who ruled Russia first?

What happened as these people declined in power?

1) Mongols under Ghengis Khan

2) Moscow princes strengthened but couldn't unite the state

1) Moscow

2) Rome

1) Divine Right

2) Church

Who was the first one to claim the title of tsar?

What did he want to westernize?

What two regions did he control?

1) Ivan IV (The Terrible)

2)Muscovy

2)Black and Baltic

1) Nobles had to serve tsar

2) serfdom increased substantially

3) Many nobles were executed

When did the Time of Troubles occur?

It was followed by a period of what?

What did the Cossacks do?

1)After Ivan IV's death

2) famine, power struggles, and war

3) Massacred nobles/officals north

During the Time of Troubles, who conquered Moscow?

What happened in response to this?

1) Poland/Sweden

2) Nobles elected Ivan's nephew as hereditary tsar and wanted him to drive out the invaders

Why did Michael Romanov favor the nobles?

Why were the rights of peasants declined?

Where did he expand the Russian Empire to?

1) return for their support

2) Cossack revolts resulted in further restrictions on serfs

3) Pacific Ocean in the far East

What happened to Western books in Russia?

What other customs took place?

1) Translated into Russian

2) New skills, technology and clothing

Who were the Strelski?

Who put down their revolt?

What did this cause?

1)Moscow guards who had overthrown previous leaders.

2) Peter the Great

3) Secured his reign

Peter believed in what type of government?

His army consisted of special forces such as the?

What did Peter establish on the Baltic?

1) Militarism

2) Cossacks

3) Navy

Who was the Great Northern War between?

What was the most important battle and who won it?

This war ended in the Treaty of _____ which caused Russia to get?

1) Russian and Sweden

2) Battle of Poltava and Russia won

3) Nystad, Latvia and Estonia

Describe the industrialized form of Serfdom.

Where did Peter the Great move the Russian Capital to?

1) Workers could be bought and sold in factories.

2) From Moscow to St. Petersburg on Gulf of Finland to have more contact with the West.

What was the Table of Ranks?

What did Peter hope would come out of this?

1) Set educational standards for nobles/civil servants causing lower members of social class to rise

2) Replace Boyar with new service who would be loyal to the state/tsar