Term
| define Community Epidemiology |
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Definition
| multihost, multi parasite interactions in a community context |
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Term
| define Apparent Competition |
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| What characteristics might make a parasite more likely to infect multiple host species? (Review empirical evidence?) |
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| Contrast conventional views with more current data on the commonness of multi-host parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a reservoir and a spillover host? |
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Definition
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| Give two examples of a reservoir in the context of specific host-parasite interactions |
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Definition
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| Give two examples of a spillover host in the context of specific host-parasite interactions |
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Definition
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| Sketch a flow diagram for two hosts affected by the same parasite |
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Definition
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| Explain why biodiversity may affect disease prevalence and spillover risk |
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Definition
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| Summarize the evidence for Lyme disease, West Nile, amphibian parasites, and fungal pathogens of plants as examples of the dilution effect |
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| How and why does human risk of encountering Lyme disease depend on forest fragmentation? |
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Definition
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| Provide evidence for positive and negative effects among coinfections |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of factors can interactions between parasites determine? |
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Definition
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| Contrast top-down versus bottom-up mechanisms of parasite interaction following co-infection, and provide a specific example of each |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a fundamental niche? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a fundamental niche differ from a realized niche? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how "fundamental" and "realized" niche allow us to understand distribution of macroparasites inside host |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish innate vs adaptive immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain, with examples, how TH1-TH2 responses may shed light on mutual impacts of macro- and micro- parasites |
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| Explain how variance in partner exchange rates affects R0 for an STD |
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Definition
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| How does the impact of variance on R0 affect potential STD control strategies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe two characteristics that might make a host a superspreader |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two examples of superspreading events |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 80:20 rule in the context of microparasites? (READ CAREFULLY! DON'T ASSUME 80:20 means MACRO!) |
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Definition
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Term
| How does heterogeneity in transmission affect the invasion of a pathogen into a population, the subsequent outbreak size, and its eventual extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| How might we take advantage of information regarding the variance in transmission to devise control strategies? |
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Term
| define pulsed vaccination |
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Definition
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Term
| define epidemiological isolation |
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Definition
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Term
| explain what is meant by a "travelling wave of infection" and illustrate with a real-world example |
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Definition
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| List two strategies for confining an infection spatially |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how determinants of pathogen persistence differ between local vs regional scales |
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Definition
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Term
| Write the equation for the simple patch occupancy metapopulation model and explain in words what processes are captured by this model |
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Definition
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Term
| In a metapopulation context, why is synchrony relevant to persistence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the synchrony of epidemics for measles changed between pre- versus post- vaccination era in the UK |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key difference between a distance-based versus a gravity-based network? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Viboud et al (2006), what best explains couplig of influenza outbreaks in humans among different locations in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define epidemiological transition |
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Definition
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Term
| Define emerging infectious disease |
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| What is the current scientific thinking on the origins of HIV in human populations? |
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Definition
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| List several characteristics shared by many emerging infectious diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe two major processes that contribute to human EIDs |
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Definition
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Term
| In what ways does knowledge of disease ecology contribute to human health? |
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Definition
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Term
| List three key outcomes of zoonotic EID events and provide on example of each |
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Definition
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Term
| Briefly describe three exampls of wildlife declines or endangerment caused specifically by infectious disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between antigenic shift and drift |
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Definition
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Term
| What is reassortment in viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does reassortment matter in the context of influenza pandemics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of mammals are most strongly affected by disease-induced declines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the arguments for why threatened species might have more versus fewer parasites than non-threatened species |
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Definition
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Term
| Suggest two arguments for conserving parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| List two ways that humans have influenced the occurrence and severity of marine organism diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some mechanisms by which rising temperatures can affect transmission dynamics? |
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Definition
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| Give two examples in which changes in temperature are implicated in increasing disease transmission and declining host populations |
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Definition
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Term
| By how much are global average temperatures expected to increase by 2050, and what parts of the planet will be affected most strongly |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might vector borne diseases respond positively to climate warming? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Lafferty's main arguments for why we might not expect a net increase in infectious disease following climate warming |
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Definition
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