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1799-1804 traveled Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela,Peru; the Amazon.
Known for: correlations between vegetation and environmental characteristics |
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-Introduced terms: dominants, sub-dominants.
-Noted effects of fire and time on forests
-Noted convergent evolution |
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Who Said "nature
solves similar problems in similar ways" |
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further developed the concept of
succession, studying causes and consequences thought of plant communities as superorganisms |
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| What is Charles Elton known for? |
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stressed plant-animal interactions, ushered community ecology
Animal Communities in Temperate America - 1913 |
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| Nobel Laureates in Physiology |
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(animal behaviorists)
studied the development & evolution of behaviors, & influence of experience and genetics led to behavioral ecology arrived mid-20th century |
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| What is Leibig's Law of the Minimum? |
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| created by Justus Leibig in 1840 the role of limited supplies of nutrients on the growth and development of plants |
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| Voyage of the Beagle (1839) |
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| attributed similiarities and differences of organisms within and between continents due to geographical barriers. |
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Who came up with the Principle of
Population? |
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| Malthus (multiple editions 1798-1826) |
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| physical parameters of lakes, thermal stratification, limnology (freshwater life) |
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| Who died at the age of 27 right after he published of about Minnesota Bogs? |
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| Lindeman, the paper was called "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology"(1942) |
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| "The Lakes as a Microcosm" |
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| the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environments. |
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biotic units and are classified by
predominant plant types. |
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soil type, and disturbance exposure
can also influence the occurrence of a biome in a location |
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| nonliving factors/environmental factors . |
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living factors
For example plants, animals, fungi, protists and bacteria. |
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| leaves live for only a single year or growing season |
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| leaves are lost in response to low temperatures |
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| leaves are lost in response to dry conditions |
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| how is leaf type and climate related? |
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| by precipitation and temperature |
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| What is Ecological biogeography? |
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| the distribution of contemporary organisms |
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| Historical biogeography is |
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| the origin, dispersal, extinction of groups |
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| What is the study of the spatial or geographical distribution of organisms, both past and present? |
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| What is Convergent evolution? |
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| independent evolution of a similar characteristic in two different species NOT derived from a recent, common ancestor |
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| based on physical appearance |
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| leaves live beyond a year |
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| which ever green tree has no distinct growing season, growth continues year-round? |
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| whats 1 characteristic of the needle-leaf evergreen? |
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| very short growing season |
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| what are the 5 levels for the rain forest |
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| (From up to down)1)Emergent trees 2)Upper canopy 3)Lower canopy 4)Shrub understory 5)Ground layer of herbs and ferns |
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| Sclerophyllous vegetation |
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| has adaptations that reduce water loss during the summer period |
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| Some traits of Sclerophyllous vegetation are... |
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Small leaves, thickened cuticles, glandular hairs, sunken
stomata |
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| frozen subsurface that develops where the ground temperatures remain below 0°C |
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| “flowing soil” form on sloping ground |
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| flowing water (rivers and streams) |
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nonflowing water (ponds, lakes, and
wetlands) |
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– Light is increasingly attenuated with water depth
– Temperatures vary seasonally with depth
– Oxygen can be limiting |
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| shallow-water zone in which light reaches the bottom |
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| open water that extends to the depth of light penetration |
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beyond the depth of effective
light penetration and is marked by the
compensation depth of light |
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bottom region that is the
primary place of decomposition |
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| The condition of being rich in nutrients is |
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| the condition of being poor in nutrients is |
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large amount of organic matter,
particularly in the form of humic materials is |
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| semi-enclosed parts of the coastal ocean where freshwater joins saltwater are called |
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| maintain their position and adjust to changing salinity |
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| Anadromous fish are cool because why? |
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live most of their lives in saltwater and return to freshwater to spawn and
are specially adapted to endure changes in salinity |
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| Anadromous fish are cool because why? |
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live most of their lives in saltwater and return to freshwater to spawn and
are specially adapted to endure changes in salinity |
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| the reflection of the sunʼs energy off the surface of the earth is |
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| when rays are low angle is called what? |
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| the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water |
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____________ ___________ explain changes in temperature of air parcels as
they rise or fall in the atmosphere. |
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for unsaturated air / no condensation taking place
~applies to moving air, still air changes temp at slower rates |
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| Wet/Moist/Saturated adiabatic lapse rate |
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| applies to air masses that have relative humidity of 100% |
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| the trajectory of a ʻfreely-movingʼ object (including air masses) moving on the surface of a rotating body will be ʻdisplacedʼ, depending on the frame of reference is |
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| hot, dry, dominated by grasses |
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| where would you find a xeric microclimate? |
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| where would you find a mesic microclimate? |
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| cooler, wetter, dominated by conifers |
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| Urban areas are hotter than outlying areas, esp. in the summer |
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| (Temperate deserts lie in the rain shadow of mountain barriers or are located far inland) |
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| in the ocean has the do the currents |
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| Net water movement at right angles to wind! |
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| Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone |
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| The statistical weather information that describes the variation of weather at a given place for a specified interval is |
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| the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term (minutes to weeks) variation is |
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