Term
| Helps the individual, but not the group. |
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Definition
| Evolution of deer antlers is an example of PD because? |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual and group interests conflict when rewards to individuals depend on ____ |
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Term
1) Kin selection
2) Selection in favor of reciprocal altruism |
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Definition
| Favored by Dawkins in "The Selfish Gene" _____ and _____ are the two reasons why humans cooperate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main mechanism of evolution of cooperation favored by David Sloan Wilson is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ and _____ were the two ethnic groups living in Southern Sudan used to illustrate group selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum bride-wealth for the Nuer is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum bride-wealth for the Dinka is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Political organization for the Nuer is ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Political organization for the Dinka is ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The Nuer population size is about _____ people |
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Term
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Definition
| The population size of the Dinka is _____ people |
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Term
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Definition
| The (Nuer/Dinka) were more successful in inter-tribal warefare because their armies and population were larger |
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Term
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Definition
| #fact: Group Selection satisfies Darwin's postulates because groups compete, groups vary in their ability to survive and reproduce, and this behavior is inheritable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within group selection, ____ beats ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In between-group selection _____ beats _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In addition to between group selection, ______ in order to make the variation between groups more distinct and therefore allowing group selection to take place |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ was the author of the most influential equation in multilevel selection theory |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is the most important selective force among factors favoring group selection in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| early humans were (peaceful/warlike) |
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Term
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Definition
| The majority of humans (do/do not) enjoy killing |
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Term
| dehumanization of the enemy |
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Definition
| ____ is one military training strategy to overcome human reluctance to kill |
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Term
1) competition of scarce resources
2) strategic calculations (revenge) |
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Definition
| Two proximate mechanisms for explaining warfare are ____ and ____ |
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Term
| pacifist groups eliminated by warlike groups |
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Definition
| The ultimate cause of war is ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| A possible preadaptation for warfare by the people in the Pleistocene Steppe Biome was ______ |
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Term
1) leveling mechanisms (monogamy and sharing of high value resources)
2) inequity aversion |
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Definition
| Factors reducing within-group variance in fitness are _____ and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| #fact According to Boehm egalitarianism involved a very special type of heirarchy, a curious type that is based on anti-hierarchal feelings . The rank and file band together to deliberately dominate potential "upstarts" if they wish to remain equal |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ reduces effort and risk and will yield good information if environment changes slowly |
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Term
| imitation + individuals making small adjusments |
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Definition
| The best combination of imitation is ____ and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitation reduces _____ variance and promotes group selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Information is more shared ____ groups than _____ groups |
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Term
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Definition
| There are more than ____ types of ancestors in our human evolutionary tree |
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Term
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Definition
| Neanderthals lived in Europe for about _____ to ______ years |
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Term
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Definition
| Approx. _____ years ago, all Neanderthals disappeared |
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Term
| humans moving into Europe and taking over |
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Definition
| Neanderthal extinction hypotheses are centered around this thought: |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ spears were hand-held and blunt where as _____ spears were sharp and meant for long range |
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Term
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Definition
| At Pinnacle Point ate mostly ______ rather than the usual meat |
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Term
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Definition
| Shanidar 3 died of a ____ wound, and the wound could have only been inflicted by us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chimps (do/do not) wage war |
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Term
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Definition
| By winning the war, chimps gained ______ for feeding and for females, and avoided being hunted. |
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Term
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Definition
| selection favors _____ when learning is costly and environments change slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Public Goods Game without punishment, people (increase/decrease) their amount as each round goes on |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Public Goods Game with punishment, people (increase/decrease) their amount as each round goes on in order to not get punished |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ means that defectors are punished by refusal to cooperate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cooperation in large groups (can/cannot) be stabilized by reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct punishment, the allowment of sanctioning defectors (can/cannot) support cooperation in large groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment is seen as a form of _____ because costly to the individual, but beneficial to the group |
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Term
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Definition
| "it feels good to punish in order to uphold equity and promote cooperation" (grim satisfaction) is a ______ cause of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| "Group selection favors moralistic punishers, selection against punishers may be weak when defectors are rare, weak conformism may stabilize punishment" are all ______ causes of punishment |
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Term
| offer nothing, but accept anything more than nothing |
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Definition
| In the Ultimatum Game, a rational agent should: |
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Term
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Definition
| In how many societies in MacArthur's project was the mean offer the smallest possible? |
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Term
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Definition
| The ________ are almost entirely economically self-sufficient at the family level |
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Term
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Definition
| In the UG, the typical offer made by the Machiguenga was around ____ to ____ % |
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Term
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Definition
| In the UG, the smallest amount accepted by the Machiguenga was ____ % |
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Term
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Definition
| The ______ had very cooperative economic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| In the UG, the typical offer of a Lamalera was _____ % |
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Term
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Definition
| In the UG, the smallest amount accepted by the Lamalera was _____ % |
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Term
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Definition
| Egalitarianism (increased/decreased) from ape-like societies to simple societies and then (increased/decreased) again from simple to complex societies |
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Term
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Definition
| #fact The hypotheses for the evolution of larger brains is that new environment factors favors genetic adaptations of novel psychological adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
| In monkeys as group size (increases/decreases) brain size (increases/decreases) |
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Term
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Definition
| By extrapolating the fitted lines we predict that the size of the human group is _____ |
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Term
| Level 2(Minimal Theory of Mind) |
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Definition
| _____ is the level of intentionality that characterizes nonhuman primates |
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Term
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Definition
| Level __ of intentionality expresses humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Tomasello et al. (2007) hypothesized that humans’ ______ ______ evolved to improve mutualistic cooperative and communicative interactions, such as joint attention and pointing |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Dunbar, human gossip is equivalent to _____ in great apes |
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Term
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Definition
| #fact The scale was up to tens/hundreds of million people |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ ____ is the maximal size of the group within which humans can maintain face-to-face cooperation |
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Term
1) symbolically marked groups
2) hierarchic organization |
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Definition
| Two chief adaptations that allowed for evolution to break through the threshhold imposed by face-to-face interactions are: |
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Term
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Definition
| A _____ is an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnic groups are democrated through the use of _____ |
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Term
| Bushmen; potentially dangerous |
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Definition
| when shown unfamiliar arrow points, ____ guessed that their makers were very different people and, therefore, ______ ______ |
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Term
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Definition
_____ is an elementary building block for construction of hierarchal social networks
ex. chiefly village --> subordinate village --> so on |
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Term
| it allows to increase group size without increasing social channel capacity |
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Definition
| Hierarchal organization allows for building social networks of potentially unlimited size because: |
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Term
| downside of hierarchical social organization |
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Definition
| this inevitably leads to in-egalitarian societies: |
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Term
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Definition
| typical size of support cliques is __ to __ and the typical size of sympathy groups are ___ to ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest scale (super-national) grouping of people is known as a _____ group |
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Term
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Definition
| The Iberian/Muslim Christian frontier and Mediterranean/"barbarian Celts" are exampls of _____ frontiers |
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Term
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Definition
| a _____ was the event that triggered conflict between farmers and pastoralists in Darfur |
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Term
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Definition
| The two groups that live in contact in Steppe Fontiers are _____ and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Between-group variation is (high/low) on Steppe frontiers |
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Term
1) they need to defend their flocks from predators
2) they have good riding and archery skills
3) they have the advantage of mobility |
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Definition
| 3 reasons nomads are better warriors than farmers |
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Term
| there is a large cultural difference between groups, which facilitates dehumanization of the enemy |
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Definition
| Conflict on Steppe frontiers is particularly intense because: |
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ region had the longest history of imperial formation |
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Term
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Definition
| China was most frequently unified from the ____ direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The Indian subcontinent was most frequently unified from the ____ direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The most complex precolumbian society in the US was ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Social trusts, norms, and networks that people can draw upon to solve common problems |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ described America as a highly cooperative society, with exceptional ability for voluntary association |
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Term
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Definition
| The polar opposite of ethnocentrism is ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ Consensus had free markets, free trade and globalization, minimal role for the state, and democracy as the best political system |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ Consensus had government guided economic development and political stability |
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