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| founded in the theory of structure of matter, (all atoms contain protons and electrons) |
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| Fundamental Laws for electrical charge |
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Opposite electrical charges of equal value cancel each other out (annihilation radiation)
Opposite electrical charges attract each other
like electrical charges repel each other |
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low energy required to detach electrons from their orbits, readily conduct electric current
materials such as copper and silver |
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| energy required to detach electrons from their orbits is high. Resist the flow of electric current, materials such as air and paper. |
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| Friction, Heat (thermocouple) , Pressure, Light (photoelectric effect), Magnetism, Chemical action, Ionizing Radiation. |
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| Basic Electric quantities |
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Current ( Amperes/amps )
Voltage (volts)
Resistance (Ohms) |
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| electrical current is the movement, or flow, of electrons pas a given point in a circuit, 1 amp is the flow of "6.24x10^18" 1 coulomb/second |
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| electrical potential difference that causes electrons to flow in a circuit |
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| electrical quantity that opposes electron flow in a circuit.)amount of resistance that allows one ampere of current to flow in a circuit when there is one volt of force pushing it |
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| States that current is equal to voltage divided by resistance |
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ohms law expression
I = current (A)
E = voltage (V)
R= Resistance symbol-(upside down horseshoe) |
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| radiation measurement systems consist of a detector and some sort of a readout circuitry. |
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| the incident radiation interacts with the detector material to produce an observable effect. |
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creates ion pairs. (gas or solid conductors)
ion chambers, proportional counters, or Geiger-mueller (GM) tubes. solid ionization detector is a GeLi detector |
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| incident radiation excites the atoms of the detector material. Atom gives off excess energy in the form of light. (Thermoluminescent and scintillation detectors) |
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| the incident radiation causes ionization or excitation of the detector media thereby causing chemical changes which can be analyzed |
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| measures and analyzes the produced effect and provides a usable output indication |
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| used with detectors that supply either and electric pulse or current, provide and indication in terms of cpm, or mR/hr. |
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| the observed effect that take place in the detector that will be measured, (for all photons that enter a detector only 25% may create an output pulse, yield of 25% |
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| Together the negatice electron and posotive atom (minus one electron) are called an ion-pair |
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