Term
| 24 hour EKG used for symptomatic palpitations and syncope: |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart Rate Variability is a format of EKG study used as a __ __ for cardiovacular disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Signal Averaging EKG is a format of EKG used to identify __ __ patients at risk for ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrophysiologic studies are ___ studies for heart dysrhythmias. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exercise stress testing utilizes an EKG to screen for ___ __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each little box on EKG paper is 1 mm or __ seconds, and each big box is __ seconds. So __ little boxes or __ big boxes equals 1 second. |
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Definition
- 0.04 seconds
- 0.2 seconds
- 25 little boxes
- 5 big boxes |
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Term
| The vertical axis on EKG paper represents ___. ___ mm (squares) equals 1 mV. |
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Definition
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Term
| One large box on EKG paper represents __ seconds across or ___ mV high. |
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Definition
0.2 seconds
0.5 mV (remember one big box is 5 little squares, it takes 10 squares to make 1 mV) |
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Term
| One small square represents __ seconds across or ___ mV high. |
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Definition
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Term
| You can use Dubin's method to determine heart rate when there is ___ rhythm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The EKG is a collective measure of changes in __ __ from many cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Multiple cells depolarizing in the same direction produce additive voltage readings (the “Y” axis)
Multiple cells depolarizing in the opposite directions produce diminutive voltage readings (ALSO the “Y” axis at any given point in time and cancel each other out)
Cells depolarizing later occur farther down the graph (the “X” axis of the moving graph) |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic NS increases ___ ___ levels causing cell to resist depolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Absence of all PNS activity permits full SA rate potential |
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Definition
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Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Influences calcium influx and in the rate of decline of cellular potential to threshold potential |
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Definition
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Term
| The T wave is the first __ or ___ deflection following the QRS complex. It is usually upright in all leads except AVR. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Flipped" T wave suggests ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal PR interval is ___ to ___ seconds. This interval represents the time it takes for the stimulus to pass through the ___ and through the ___ __. |
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Definition
- 0.12-0.20 seconds (3-5 little boxes)
- atria
- AV junction |
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Term
| QT interval is the duration of __ __. Long QT intervals are vulnerable to dangerous ventricular rhythms. Normal if less than half of __ to __. |
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Definition
ventricular systole
R to R |
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Term
| Interpretation usually requires confirmation in at least two leads |
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Definition
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Term
| Rolls Royces In Seattle Are High Priced Investments. |
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Definition
- Rhythm
- Rate
- Intervals
- Shape of Complex
- Axis
- Hypertrophy
- Progression of R waves
- Ischemia/Infarction/Interpretation |
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Term
| 4 questions to ask to determine if rhythm is sinus? |
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Definition
- Is there a P wave for every QRS complex?
- Is there a QRS complex for every P wave?
- Is the P wave upright in lead II?
- Are the PR and QRS intervals normal? |
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Term
| Irregular rhythms require a ___ ___ __ __ to determine heart rate. Regular rhythms do NOT require this. |
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Definition
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Term
SA Node (60-100 bpm)
Atrial foci (60-80 bpm)
Junctional foci (40-60 bpm)
Ventricular foci (20-40 bpm) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lone QRS waves
P wave
Either missing (absorbed into QRS complex)
Or appears as retrograde depolarization of atria (P wave opposite direction of QRS, usually downward)
Results from sinus arrest AND failing atrial foci
40-60 BPM |
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Term
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Definition
Originate in an atrial focus/foci
Different looking P’ wave (not identical)
60-80 bpm |
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Term
| Premature ventricular contraction shows ___ ___ complexes on the EKG. |
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Definition
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Term
| ventricular escape rhythm: |
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Definition
Giant QRS complexes
May or may not have P waves (often different rate or nonexistent)
20-40 bpm (syncope)
Ventricular focus escapes to become active pacemaker if conduction block or total failure of SA Node |
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Term
| Leads show the voltage potential difference between a reference electrode (or set) and a detector electrode (the positive electrode) |
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Definition
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Term
| leads I + III should equal __. |
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Definition
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Term
unipolar augmented leads are Leads mathematically calculated relative to a zero potential
Voltages enhanced electronically to be readable
Vector directions are 30 degrees off from leads I, II, and III |
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Definition
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Term
| aVR + aVL + aVF should equal: |
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Definition
| zero mV, if the sum of the QRS voltages does not equal 0 check the leads, may be set up wrong |
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Term
| Axis is the direction of ___ and is described by a ___. It is measured in ___ referenced from __ _. |
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Definition
- depolarization
- vector
- degrees
- lead I |
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Term
Two groups of triaxial leads together comprise the hexaxial leads and determine the frontal axis
See Hexaxial Lead Diagram… |
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Definition
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Term
A positive (upward) deflection is seen in any lead if the depolarization spreads toward the positive pole of the lead
A negative (downward) deflection is seen in any lead if the depolarization spreads away from the positive pole of the lead
The negative pole is not a detector
If the mean depolarization path is directed at right angles to any lead, a small biphasic complex (RS or QR) is seen |
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Definition
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Term
| Lead I and ___ should be opposite. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lead II and __ should be opposite. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4th intercostal space right side of sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th intercostal space left side of sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| directly between V2 and V4 |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th intercostal space (level with V4) at anterior axillary line |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th intercostal space (level with V4 and V5)at midaxillary line |
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Term
| bipolar leads are on a __ plane, unipolar leads are on a __ plane. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Unipolar leads on a horizontal plane
Reference (-) is electronically derived
Chest leads point anteriorly to laterally moving right to left across the chest
Well suited for examining the posterior and anterior aspects of the heart
Positioning of the electrodes are critical |
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Term
| Axis is the direction of: |
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Definition
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Term
Axis is determined by the overall QRS AXIS
Normal is 0 to +90
Different patterns in different chest and limb leads
The thickness of the muscle contributes to both amplitude and duration of QRS
The “thicker” the heart muscle, the higher the voltage potentials |
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Definition
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Term
| To determine axis look at the __ __ in __ _ and __. |
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Definition
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Term
| A normal axis has a __ QRS complex in lead I and a __ QRS complex in aVF. |
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Definition
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Term
| When determining axis if lead I is negative and aVF is positive, you have __ __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
| If lead I is positive and aVF is negative, you have __ __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
| If both leads I and avF are negative (extreme right axis deviation), what does this mean? |
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Definition
| something is technically wrong with EKG setup- LEADS ARE USUALLY TRANSPOSED |
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Term
Axis deviation is in the frontal plane
Axis rotation is in the horizontal plane |
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Definition
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Term
| Sinus arrhythmia is is irregular rhythm varying with respiration. This will show a slight __ in heart rate during inspiration. |
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Definition
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