Term
|
Definition
-support
-protect
-blood cell production
-storage
-movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-longer than wide
-make RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cube shaped
-ex; carpals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plate-like
-broad surfaces
-make RBCs
-ex: cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bones w/ unusual shape
-ex: vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-circular shape (round/sesamoid)
-ex: patella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-generally 206
-born w/ more (fuse)
-May develop spurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long bone
-tough, connective tissue covering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long bones
Expanded portion at end of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Long bone
-portion between Ephysis
-shaft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long bone
-hollow portion of diaphysis
-contains yellow bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Long bone
-layer of hyaline cartilage where bones join
-minimizes friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long bones
-lines medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka cancellous bone
-found in ephysis of bone
-spaces contain red marrow
-make RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reinforces bone
-cells are called chondrocytes
-matrix is gel-like and lacks blood vessels
-no blood = nutrients must diffuse, repair/growth is slow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
- bone forms between 2 sheets of fibrous connective tissue
-forms bones of skull |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
-most bones in humans
-hyaline cartilage model replaced by bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-band of cartilage in epiphysis of long bone
-long bone growth continues until plate ossifies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -increase in bone diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collar bone (clavicle)
-scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -os coxae: ilium, ischium, pub is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-midline of the body
-includes: skull, hyoid, vertebral column
-thoracic cage
-middle-ear bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only bone that does not articulate w/ another bone
-anchors the tongue
-site of attachment of swallowing muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-supports ribs
-point of attachment for pelvic girdle
-protects spinal cord
-7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
-sacrum and coccyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-@birth 1 curvature
-cervical curvature forms 1st
-then thoracic and lumbar curvature form to change center of gravity to over hips (for walking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absorb shock
-keep vertebrae from grinding together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -site for muscle attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-C1 vertebrae
-supports head
-allows for up/down movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-C2 vertebrae
-pivot point for atlas
-allows head to move side to side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fused sacral vertebrae
-forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -formed from a fusion if 3-5 vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in cervical vertebrae
-allow for vertebral artery passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-12 sets of ribs that attach to thoracic vertebrae
-first 10 attach to sternum by costal cartilage
-protects heart and lungs
-supports pectoral girdle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first 7 pairs of ribs
-attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 pairs of ribs that attach to sternum indirectly
-also refers to 2 pairs of floating ribs that don't attach to sternum
-inferior to true ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2 pairs of inferior most ribs
-don't attach to sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flat, blade-shaped bone in chest
-composed of manubrium, body, and xyphoid process (superior to inferior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of pectoral girdle
-articulate mediat w/ manubrium
-only attachment to axial skeleton
-serves as a brace for scapula and stabilizes the shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of pectoral girdle
-includes acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-On scapulae
-attaches to clavicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in scapula
-articulation w/ proximal humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-upper arm
-long bone
-head articulates w/ glenoid cavity
-greater and lesser tubercles serve as attachment for muscles
-intertubercular groove holds tendon from biceps brachii
-deltoid tuberosity attaches to deltoid
-capitullum attaches to head of radius
-torch lea articulates w/ ulna |
|
|
Term
| Lateral and medial epicondyle |
|
Definition
-distal humerus
-attachment point for forearm muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lateral forearm bone
-head articulates w/ capitulum of humerus & fits in radial notch of ulna
-radial tuberosity attaches to tendon from biceps brachii
-ulnar notch articulates w/ head of ulna
-styloid process attaches ligament that run to wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Longer bone of forearm
-coronoid process articulates w/ olecranon fossa when elbow extended
-trochlear notch articulates w/ trochlea of humerus
-head articulates w/ ulnar notch of radius
-styloid process attaches ligaments that run to wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Proximal ulna
-articulates w/ olecranon fossa of distal humerus when elbow extended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wrist (carpus) bones
-8 cube shaped
-move hand @ wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bones of Palm
-"beyond" carpals
-5 bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fingers/ toes
-thumb has proximal and distal
-proximal, medial, distal in other 4 fingers
-#1-5 lateral to medial (thumb-pinky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pelvic girdle
-aka os coxae
-includes ilium, ischium, and pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gender differences pelvis |
|
Definition
-female: broader, wider, larger pelvic inlet/outlet, shallower, bones light/thin, pubic arch greater than 90degrees
-male: trapezoid shape, pubic arch less than 90degrees (45-50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-longest and strongest bone in the body
-head fits in acetabulum of coxal bone
-greater and lesser trochanter attach muscle of thigh/buttocks
-linea aspera attaches muscles
-medial and lateral condyle articulate w/ tibia
-patellar surface articulates w/ patella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proximal femur
-fits into acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| Medial/lateral epicondyle |
|
Definition
-Distal femur
-ligament and muscle attach
-superior to condyle |
|
|
Term
| Medial and lateral condyle |
|
Definition
-distal femur
-inferior to epicondyle
-articulate w/ tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-medial bone of lower leg
-bears weight from femur
-medial and lateral condyle articulate w/ femur
-tibial tuberosity attach to patellar ligaments
-anterior crest
-medial malleolus articulates w/ talus of foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Distal tibia
-articulates w/ talus in foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lateral lower leg bone
-stabilizes ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-distal fibula
-lateral ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ankle
-7 bones
-only talus is free-moving
-talus and calcaneous support weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tarsal
-supports body weight
-heel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-5 bones
-number medial to lateral
-form instep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lack sutures in skull have fontanels instead (fuse before age 2)
-1 convex spinal curvature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-joint
-immovable
-ex: cranial sutures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-joints
-slightly movable
-ex: public symphysis, ribs @ vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-joint
-freely movable
-ex: humerus @ scapula, femur@pelvis, hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synovial joint
-hinge, slide
-ex: carpal/metacarpal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Synovial joint
-360degree movement
-ex: humerus@glenoid cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synovial joint
-free rotation around central axis
-ex: humerus@radius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synovial joint
-flexion/extension
-ex: humerus@ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synovial joint
-ex: carpals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synovial joint
-more movement than hinge, less than ball and socket
-ex: phalanges/metacarpals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -decrease angle between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -increase angle between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rotate around lateral axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rotate around longitudinal axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-turning palms "up" anterior/superior
-carry soup by supination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -turning palms "down" posterior/inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -turn sole of foot medically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -turn sole of for laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in pelvis
-where head of femur articulates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-movement
-posture
-heat production |
|
|
Term
| Muscle function: movement |
|
Definition
-when muscle contracts insertion is pulled closer to origin
-movement at joint between origin and insertion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for given movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscle whose contraction helps the prime mover produce a given movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscle whose contraction opposes a prime mover in any given movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tonic contractions maintain posture
-good posture reduces strain on muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones
-poor posture causes fatigue and may cause deformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only a fee of a muscles fibers contract at a time
-produce no movement of body parts
-maintain good muscle tone called posture |
|
|
Term
| Muscle function: heat production |
|
Definition
-survival depends on body's ability to maintain temperature
-contraction of muscle fibers produces heat to maintain body temp
-shivering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka striated or voluntary
-microscope reveals crosswise stripes/striations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-makes up most of the heart
-fibers are branching
-characterized by intercalated disks (dark bands)
-interconnected nature of fibers allows heart to contract efficiently as a unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka nonstriated, involuntary, visceral
-lacks striations, appears smooth
-walls of hollow viscera (digestive tract), blood vessels, and ureters
-more in arteries than veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-individual contractile unit of muscle
-separated by z-lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contractile muscle cells
-grouped into bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle fiber
-contain myosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle fiber
-composed of actin and tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-separates sarcomeres
-thin filaments attach here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-explains muscle contraction
-thick and thin myofilament slide past eachother
-requires ATP and calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- nervous system triggers release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2- Ca2+ binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to expose actin (thin filament) active sites
3- in presence of ADP the myosin (thick filament) head attaches to the active site
4- power stroke: myosin pulls on actin contracting muscle, ADP released
5- ATP binds to myosin head releasing it from actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-post-mortem muscle stiffening
-approx. 2 hrs after death when ATP is aused and not replenished
-w/o ATP myosin doesn't release from actin and muscle stays contracted
-after 8-48 hrs relaxes due to enzymatic degradation of muscle |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| Electrical and contractile |
|
|
Term
| Electrical aspect muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-involves motor neuron
-results in calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-initiates contraction |
|
|
Term
| Contractile aspect muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-involves actin and myosin
-sliding filament model
-response to electrical aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-NMJ
-space between motor neuron and muscle
-electrical signal triggers release of acetyl choline which binds to the muscle cell telling it to release calcium
-initiates contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscle attachment to bone that remains relatively stationary when movement occurs at the joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -point of attachment to bone that moves when muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strong cord of fibrous connective tissue
-connects muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cords of connective tissue that attach bone to bone
-not supposed to move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SCM
-anterior lateral neck
-flexes head and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Superior back
-elevate shoulder and extend head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of the upper extremity
-abduct and flex humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremities
-posterior superior arm
-extend forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremities
-anterior superior arm
-flexes forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremity
-superficial chest
-adduct and flex humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremity
- superficial, mid/inferior back
-extend, adduct, rotate humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremity
-flex wrist
-anterior forearm
-inserts on all 4 fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of upper extremity
-posterior shoulder
-addiction and medial rotation at shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscles of upper extremity
-medial upper arm
-addiction and flexion at shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Internal/external intercostals |
|
Definition
-muscle of thorax
-internal run superior and medial
-external run inferior and medial (hand in pocket)
-elevate and depress ribs |
|
|
Term
| Internal/external oblique |
|
Definition
-muscle of abdomen
-compress abdomen and flex spinal column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-abdominal muscle
-depress ribs and flex vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-abdominal muscle
-flex hip and lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of abdomen/thorax
-divide abdomen/thorax
-contracts/expands thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior forearm
-flex at wrist
-radial artery lateral to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior forearm
-flex at wrist
-ulnar artery medial to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of anterior forearm
-flexion of fingers and wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle of anterior forearm
-primates forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior forearm
-flexion at elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior forearm
-supination of forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior thigh
-flex/rotate leg (cross legs)
-lateral border of femoral triangle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior thigh
-adduct, flex, and rotate leg
-most medial muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Anterior thigh
-includes:
--vastus medialis (medial)
--vastus lateralis (lateral)
--vastus intermedius (deep, between)
--rectus femoris (superficial, between)
-extend leg at knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thigh and buttocks
-medial border of femoral triangle
-addiction, flexion of hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thigh/buttock
-addiction, flexion at hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thigh/buttocks
-posterior thigh/buttock
-extend thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Posterior thigh
-flex knee
-3 muscles: biceps femoris, Semitendinosis, semimembranosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior thigh
-hamstring
-flex at knee, extend at thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Posterior thigh
-hamstring
-flex at knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior thigh
-hamstring
-flex at knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior low leg
-flex and invert foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior low leg
-extend foot
-superficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior low leg
-deep to gastrocnemius, attach to calcaneous by Achilles' tendon
-extend at foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -using adjacent/known structure to locate a blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -using an imaginary line to approximate the location of a deep blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -anatomical structures that mark extreme borders of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Anterior triangle of neck |
|
Definition
-anatomical guide for carotid artery
-superior: mandible
-medial: midline of neck
-lateral: anterior border of SCM |
|
|
Term
| Linear guide common carotid and jugular |
|
Definition
| -draw line from sterniclavicular notch to base of ear lobe |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical guide common carotid |
|
Definition
-medial border of SCM
-carotid usually anterior to jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical limit common carotid |
|
Definition
-R: begin @ sterniclavicular notch and extends to superior border of thyroid cartilage
-L: begin @ 2nd costal cartilage Nd extends to superior border of thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Linear guide brachial artery |
|
Definition
| -draw line that extends from base of axillary space to 1in distal to elbow joint |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical guide brachial artery |
|
Definition
| -posterior to medial border of biceps brachii muscle |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical limit brachial artery |
|
Definition
-begins @ inferior border of tendon of teres major and terminates 1in distal to elbow (usually)
-May vary between individuals, sometimes bifurcated into ulnar and radial arteries higher |
|
|
Term
| Linear guide femoral artery |
|
Definition
| -line extends from center of Inguinal ligament to medial condyle of femur |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical guide femoral artery |
|
Definition
-center of femoral triangle
(Superior: Inguinal ligament
Medial: adductor longus muscle
Lateral: sartorius muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Superior: Inguinal ligament
Medial: adductor longus muscle
Lateral: sartorius muscle
-used to find femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical limit femoral artery |
|
Definition
| -posterior to Inguinal ligament to opening in the adductor Magnus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ANS
-regulates involuntary (autonomic) functions
-ex: respiration, heart beat |
|
|
Term
| Function of the central nervous system |
|
Definition
-sense (detect environment)
-integrate (make decision)
-motor (act) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nerve cells
-dendrites conduct impulse to neuron body
-axon conduct impulse away from neuron body
-synapse is where axon of one cell communicates w/ dendrite of another
-information only goes 1 way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conduct impulses to brain and spinal cord all body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cords to muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-support cells of the nervous system
-bring cells of nerve tissue together structurally and functionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-type of glial cell
-star-shaped cells anchor small blood vessels to neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-type of glial cell
-small
-perform phagocytosis in inflamed brain tissue
-important because CNS has no immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Type of glial cell
-help hold nerve cells together
- form myelin sheath on axons in CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -form myelin sheath on axons in PNS |
|
|
Term
| 4 principal parts of brain |
|
Definition
-cerebrum (anterior)
-cerebellum (posterior, inferior)
-diencephalon (medial)
-Brain stem (inferior, base) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Inferior to the cerebrum and superior to brain stem
-Hypothalamus, thalamus, and pituitary gland
-Associates emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness w/ sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Part of diencephalon
-Acts as major center for controlling ANS (controls internal organs)
-Involved in homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of diencephalon
-Relay information to cerebrum
-Associates emotion of pleasant or unpleasant w/ sensation (doesn't include WHY)
-Differ between different people based on emotional response (like/dont like something) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota(superior to inferior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Brain stem
-Relays information from spinal column to higher parts of brain for visual reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain stem
-Relay info to brain and breathing rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Brain stem
-Connects directly to spinal cord
-Vital center controls heart rate and blood pressure
-Emetic center- vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mediates reflexes and balance of voluntary muscle tissue
-Evaluates sensory input then coordinates motor activity (sports, playing music, typing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Largest part of brain
-stores memories
-Majority of motor responses (voluntary and involuntary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Passes through foramen magnum down vertebral foramen to L1 vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Covering of the CNS
-includes dura, arachnoid, and pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-circulating fluid that forms from blood and is reabsorbed into blood
-Produced in the choroid plexus (within ventricle)
-Circulates in subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Meninges
-Superficial layer
-Dense connective tissue (tough) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Meninges
-Deepest later, direct contact w/ brain/spinal cord
-Thin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Meninges
-Between dura and pia mater
-web-like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
-Where CSF circulates
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transport oxygen/nutrients/waste
-Regulate temp, pH, fluid-electrolyte balance
-Protect against infection/bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -connective tissue w/ liquid matrix |
|
|
Term
| Composition of whole blood |
|
Definition
-55% plasma
-45% formed elements |
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Term
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Definition
-clear/yellow liquid
-water, proteins, salts |
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Term
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Definition
-erythrocytes (RBCs)
-leukocytes (WBCs)
-thrombocytes (platelets) |
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Term
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Definition
-Viscosity 3-5x thicker than water
-pH (7.3) |
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Term
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Definition
-Process of blood cell production
-Originate from stem cells
-3 pathways (erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis) |
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Term
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Definition
-Blood cell production
-In red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hemopoiesis in lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-Carry oxygen
-large, disc-shaped
-Bendable
-Contain hemoglobin
-Globin determines shape of RBC
-Heme carries iron
-iron carries O2 |
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Term
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Definition
-O2 binds loosely w/ Fe
-Makes blood bright red
-Lack of O2 makes blood blue-ish red |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Generally large disc w/ thick rim
-RBC bends to fit through small vessels while delivering O2 |
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Term
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Definition
-RBC does not bend
-blocks vessel
-fails to deliver O2 |
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Term
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Definition
-RBCs live ~120 days
-Hemoglobin -> globin -> amino acids
-hemoglobin -> heme -> iron (store/recycle)
->heme -> bilirubin-> bile |
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Term
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Definition
-Rapid breakdown of RBCs
-Hyperbilirubinemia
-yellow stained tissue
-In infants when liver can't keep up
-tx: put baby in sun or use blue light |
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Term
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Definition
-Usually in adults
-normal rate of RBC breakdown
-diminished excretion of bilirubin in bile
-causes yellow stain |
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Term
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Definition
-Protect body from inflammation
-Phagocyties: neutrophils and monocytes
-Can leave blood vessels to go to infection/inflammation site
-Can distinguish self/non-self |
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Term
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Definition
-Granulocytes
-Phagocytosis
-Most common WBC |
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Term
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Definition
-Granulocytes
-Respond to parasitic infection/allergies |
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Term
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Definition
-Granulocytes
-release heparin (anti-coagulant)
-Important in venomous bite where venom causes coagulation and other WBCs can't get to the area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Agranulocytes
-Phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-AKA thrombocytes
-Fragment of megakaryocytes produced in red marrow
- Small
-Lifespan 5-9 days
-Function: prevent blood loss (key in hemostasis) |
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Term
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Definition
-Stopping bleeding
1- puncture blood vessel, smooth muscle constricts to stop blood flow to the area
2-platelet plug forms (platelet sticks to connective tissue)
-Red blood cells and fibrin (protein)form clot over platelet plug |
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Term
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Definition
1-injury produces prothrombin activator (PTA)
2- PTA activates prothrombin to thrombin (in presence of Ca)
3- Thrombin activates fibrogen to form fibrin fibers (clot)
4-Clot later retracts |
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Term
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Definition
-As endothelium breaks down connective tissue exposed
-Clot forms |
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Term
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Definition
-Plasminogen activated to plasmin
-Clots break down into fibrin and cells
-Could be added to embalming fluid to break up clots but TOO expensive |
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Term
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Definition
-Aspirin, NSAIDs, clopidogrel
-helps the embalmer |
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Term
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Definition
-Heparin (antithrombin)
-Coumasdin (prevent formation of prothrombin)
-Blood doesn't clot, helps embalmer |
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Term
| Fibrolytic or clot buster drugs |
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Definition
-Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
-help embalmer |
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Term
| Hemoglobin breakdown to heme |
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Definition
-Heme falls out causing different colors in body (red, yellow, green)
-May need to use dyes/fluids to correct |
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Term
| sickle cell and the embalmer |
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Definition
-Sickle cells block ability to get embalming fluid in.
-Use conditioner w/ surfactant to help sickle cells be removed |
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Term
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Definition
-Living = 7.3
-pH drops to 5.5 immediately following death for 2 hours (lysosome, lactic acid)
-THEN pH blood increases to 8.5+ as AA break down
-USE BUFFER to keep formaldehyde in solution |
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