• Academics who criticized positivist criminology
• Rejects the conservative stance of criminologists and their association with the government that funded their research
• Discussed ways that social control might actually cause deviance rather than just be a response to antisocial behavior

• British scholars Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, Jock Young
• Looks at existing concepts of criminology
• Focuses on the field itself
• Questions the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and collaborating in the oppression of the poor and powerless

the ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others, to shape public opinion and to define deviance

William Chambliss and Robert Seidman

• Wrote Law, Order and Power
• Documents how criminal justice system is administered by the political and economic system
• Definitions of crime used in society favor those who control the justice system

• Proclaimed that in contemporary society, criminal law represents the interests of those who hold power in society
• Formulated principles that inform the relationship between law, power and crime
• Where there is conflict between social groups, those who hold power will create laws that benefit themselves and keep rivals in check
• Law is not an abstract body of rules that represent an objective moral code
• Law is a force that represents a way of life and a method of doing things
• Crime is a function of power relations; an inevitable result of social conflict
• Criminals are people who have come up short in the struggle for success and are seeking alternative means of achieving wealth, status or survival

• The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity and the supranational penal system
• These types of crimes merit more attention by criminologists

laws broken by state officials while they are holding office

• Arguments are that their behavior arise to maintain government power
• To uphold the race, class and gender advantages of those who support the government
• State protects properly rights of wealthy; opposes the real interest of the poor
• Government may go to war to support capitalist classes who nee the wealth and resources of other nations
• Different types of state crime:
• Political corruption
• Illegal domestic surveillance
• Human rights violations
• State-corporate crime
• State violence

displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream

• The theory that criminal law and the CJ system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class
• Seek to demystify law and justice - uncover its true purpose
• Criminology is used to show how capitalist law preserves ruling-class power

The theory that criminal law and the CJ system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system

Approach that sees crimes as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism and favors pragmatic, community based crime prevention and control

an effort used by community organizations eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement become necessary (reducing the number of marginalize youths would reduce delinquency rates)

Approach that explains both victimization and criminality among women in terms of gender, inequality, patriarchy, and the exploitation of women under capitalism

men's work was valued and women's work was devalued

Using humanistic, non-punitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony

• Seeks offender rehabilitation
• Redefines crime in terms of a conflict among the offender, victim and affected constituencies
• Families
• School
• Workplaces
• Asks offenders to recognize they caused injury to personal or social relationships and to accept responsibility
• Restoration is healing instead of revenge and retribution
• Reconciliation with victim and discover reasons for criminal act
• Offender commits to monetary restitution

• Community involvement
• School - involvement/relational rehab programs and training
• Police - community policing efforts/proactive measures
• Courts - restorative programs
• Victim advocacy
• Mediation programs
• Sentencing circles
• Diversion programs

Theories that attempt to explain the "natural history" of a criminal career, its onset, the course it follows, and its termination

To spontaneously stop committing crime after a certain age

Rolf Loeber and Marc Le Blanc

Proposed that criminologists should spend time and effort understanding

Why do people begin committing antisocial acts?
Why do some stop, whereas others continue?
Why do some escalate their criminal acts from shoplifting to armed robbery?
Why do some deescalate and commit less serious offenses as they get older?
Why do some stop crime, what causes them to begin again?
Why do some specialize in certain crimes, while others generalize?

View criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by many characteristics, traits and experiences, and that behavior changes accordingly, for better or for worse, over the life course

Theories reflecting the view that criminal behavior is controlled by master trait, present at birth, or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person's lifetime

Criminality that is best understood as one of the many social problems faced by at-risk youth

• Family dysfunction
• Unemployment
• Educational underachievement
• School misconduct

• Substance abuse
• Suicide attempts
• Early sexuality
• Sensation seeking
• Early parenthood
• Accident-prone
• Medical problems
• Mental disease
• Anxiety
• Eating disorders

• High-crime area
• Disorganized area
• Racism
• Exposure to poverty

• Drug abuse
• Individual level personality problems
• Impulsiveness
• Rebelliousness
• Low ego
• Premature death
• Accidents
• Homicide
• Suicide

1. Authority conflict pathway
2. Covert pathway
3. Overt pathway

Models of crime causation that weave social and individual variables into a complex explanatory chain

• Robert Sampson and John Laub suggest
• Discrete factors influence people at different stages of their development
• Propensity to commit crimes in neither stable nor unyielding
• Likelihood of committing crime is linked to accumulation (or absence) of social capital, social control, and human decision making

• Defective intelligence
• Damaged or impulsive personality
• Genetic abnormalities
• Physical-chemical functioning of the brain
• Environmental influences on brain function
• Drugs
• Chemicals
• Injuries

to commit crime remains unchanged

to do so have undergone radical change

acts that vent rage, anger of frustration (etc road rage)

acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal

• Mental impairments
• Neurological impairments
• Low intelligence
• Psychotic close relatives
• Paranoia
• Illogical thinking
• Depression
• Impulsivity
• Aggression
• Dishonesty
• Pathological lying
• Borderline personality syndrome
• Psychopathology

• Physical abuse
• Inconsistent discipline
• Deviant parents
• Lack of supervision
• Inadequate parenting
• Early rejection
• Sexual abuse
• Physical abuse
• Abusive childhoods 

Violence is the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances

reduced the cognitive ability, information processing skills and the ability to process and react to verbal and nonverbal behavior

Violence committed by drug users to support their habit

A segment of society in which violence as become legitimized by the custom and norms of that group

the carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will

• Planned
• Spontaneous
• Focused victim
• Afterthought victim (ex. During a burglary)
• Multiple offenders/gang
• Date rape: involves people who are in some form of courting relationship
• Marital rape
• Statutory rape

• Evolutionary, biological factors
• Male sex drive
• Instinctual
• Prehistoric drives

• Males socialization: socialized to be aggressive toward women
• Psychological abnormality
• Mental illness
• Psychotic tendencies
• Hostile, sadistic feelings toward women

a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's own gratification, dominance and ambition

victim must prove she/he wasn't encouraging the rape

protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless such questioning directly bears on the case

killing someone after premeditation

death of someone after felony is committed

 Killing someone without premeditation

killing someone recklessly/heat of passion/quarrel

death of a person through negligent actions/done without regard for harm caused to others/vehicle accident

a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events

• Sadists (torturers)
• Helping people to die

physical or emotional trauma inflicted for no reason onto a child

not providing for a child with care or shelter

exploitation of children through rape, incest and molestation by parents or other adults

• Abusive parents who have been abused
• Blended families with children living with unrelated adults (stepparents)
• Abusive parents suffering from depression and other types of psychological distress

taking or attempting to take anything of value from someone by force

taking or attempting to take anything of value from someone by force by using weapons

violence directed toward a particular person or members of a gorup merely because the victims have a racial ethnic, religious or gender characteristic

violence such as assault, rape or murder committed in the workplace

 actions directed a specific persona and involves repeating physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats to cause fear in a person

 actions directed a specific persona and involves repeating physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats to cause fear in a person

• Psychological disturbance (little evidence to support)
• Alienation: lack of economic opportunity
• Indoctrination into extremism: ideological beliefs

transported goods such as spirits, gems, gold, and spices

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal code or view themselves as committed career criminals

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

taking for one's own use the property of another, by means other than force on the victim, or breaking into a person's home or workplace

theft of a small amount of money or property (misdemeanor)

theft of money or property of substantial value (felony)

 taking of goods from a retail store

Locking goods into a place or using electronic tags and sensing devices as means of preventing shoplifting

someone who is entrusted with property fraudulently converts it to his or own use for the use of others

entering a home by force, threat or deception with intent to commit a crime

Residential

Commerical

Repeat

illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions

illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is through illegitimate business enterprise

use of the instruments of modern technology for criminal purposes

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both on a regular basis

substituting low cost drugs for the real thing

selling bunk stock to people who think the stocks are of quality

 repeated, excessive and unnecessary buying and selling of a client's stock

placing broker's stock ahead of customer's stock to profit from the market affects of the trade

skimming customer trading profits by falsifying trade information

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has fiduciary interest in the company

using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled

systematic theft of company property

 illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price of a commodity to avoid price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices

charging one thing when it actually costs something else

saying that apples can make your hair grow back

unsafe plant conditions and mines

• FBI
• Department of Justice
• Securities and Exchange Commission
• US Postal Service
• Federal Trade Commission
• Environmental Protection Agency

the use of computer networks for criminal profits

Pirating computer software

Theft of information, software theft, manipulation of accounts/banking systems

• Mafia
• La Cosa Nostra
• Chinese Triads
• Chinese Tong
• Japanese Yakuza
• Latin and Chicano Gangs

• Federal legislation that enables prosecutors to bring additional criminal or civil charges against people engaged in two or more acts prohibited by 24 existing federal and 8 state laws

behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the well being of society

• Public order crime that violates the moral order
• Society is the victim, no one else

• Injury caused to others by willful wrongful conduct
• Marijuana vs. alcohol, tobacco and sports cars
• Social policy is against marijuana

• A person who creates more rules, which reflects the values of those in power, rather than objective, universal standard of right and wrong
• Their way is right (according to them)
• Lawrence vs. Texas (2003)

• Bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve
• Nonhuman objects (underwear, shoes, leather)
• Humiliation (sadomasochism or bondage)
• Children (who cannot consent)

watching people have sex or getting naked

streaking or flashing someone

 beating or getting beat for pleasure

sexual activity with children

Sex for money (under mutual agreement) and involves activity that has sexual significance to customer

• Streetwalkers
• Bar girls (drinking and waiting to be picked up)
• Brothel prostitutes
• Call girls
• Escort services
• Cyber prostitutes

• Sexually explicit books, magazines, films and DVDs
• Intended to provide sexual stimulation and excitement
• Child pornography
• Adult pornography

• Material that violates community standards of morality or decency
• Has no redeeming social value

Prohibition of alcohol in US (18th Amendment)

Causes of substance abuse

• Lower socioeconomic status
• Emotional turmoil or coping with troubling impulses
• Biological reasons
• Observing parental use
• Just want to get high and relax, escape from reality

• puts drugs in food on labels
• Prohibited importation and sale of opiates except for medicines

Restricts importation, manufacture, sale and dispensing of narcotics

• Requires registration and payment of taxes on imported, sold or manufactured marijuana
• Narcotic, so registrants went to jail

Mandatory sentences for violating drug laws

Illegal to dispense barbiturates and amphetamines without prescription

• A drug that produces sleep and relieves pain
• A habit forming drug

• Source control
• Interdiction strategies
• Law enforcement strategies
• Punishment strategies
• Community strategies
• Drug education and prevention strategies
• Drug testing programs
• Treatment strategies
• Employment program