Aggression is an innate drive like hunger, and that human culture is in peril: aggression threatens to run out of control because technology and bureaucracy hold back humans from reconciliation and peace-making

What are three social goals of humans? 

One is attachment.  Its function is primarily that of protection and care for the immature infant.  Second, kind of social motivation is called affiliation, and it is often described in the research literature as warmth.  In humans, it is the core of kindness, of friendship, and also of long-term sexual bonding that we call romantic love.  The third kind of social motivation is assertion of power which is the motivation of competition and of conflict.  

Goldberg concluded that alongside the protective functions of attachment there is another function that is separable but equally important, the system of affiliation, warmth and affection.  This includes sensitivity.  

1. just as with individual goals, emotions are evaluations, or appraisals, of events that affect different kinds of social goals. 

2. emotions are not solely determined by appraisals of events. 

3. most importantly, emotions create social relationships.

What was Bowlby’s idea?  

Bowlby’s idea was that the attachment relationship of infancy creates a template for later intimate relationships.  

Pup retrieval in rats is equivalent to what in humans?  

Retrieval is equivalent, in human mothers, to the attachment function of responding to the babies cries.  

Experience of being licked and nursed more was found to affect gene expression, which in turn had a calming effect on responses to stress of the offspring in their adulthood.  

Maternal licking in rats is equivalent to what in humans? 

Maternal licking in the rat species finds its equivalent in humans in cuddling, kissing, stroking, and other forms of physical contact.  

What happens to six-year-old chimpanzees when its mother is removed and why?  

Goodall found that an infant chimpanzee who at the age of six had lost its mother, though able to forage for itself, would pine and die.

With whom do adults raised in kibbutzims have sex?  

Children raised in Kibbutzim tend not to enter into sexual relationships with those with whom they grew up with in the same Kibbutz

Jung wrote about the psychological repercussions of withdrawing the fantasies on which being in love is based, and of the changing roles that occur as the life span is traversed.  In terms of emotions, several forms of love, as we noted earlier, help with these transitions: love that is centered upon care giving, affection, friendship, and eroticism,

People often nominate love as a prototypical emotion, and sexual desire is believed to overlap only modestly with the content of love.  Some facets of sexuality are served by an intense emotion we might call sexual desire.  Other facets such as enduring commitment one feels are guided by emotions of romantic love.  

“Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”

1. Criticism

2. defensivness

3. stone-walling

4. Contempt for the partner.

Contempt is most toxic to relationships.

Which emotion can bring about beneficial change in relationships as reported by participants in Averill’s research? 

ANGER

Buck and Ginsberg – Gene lines that survive because of their communication with genes in other organisms of the same species

Gratitude is a glue of cooperative social living amongst non-kin.  Gratitude serves as a barometer, it helps us keep track of what friends are generous, and which friends are not.  Gratitude motivates altruistic, affectionate behavior.  

What is the effect of experimentally inducing pain in people?  

Pain, hunger, fatigue, humiliation, anxiety, insults – will elicit aggression when it produces anger

Utku, an Inuit group living near the Arctic Circle.  Utku adults did not express anger interpersonally, and they did not use anger or threats in child rearing.  Yanomamo conceive of themselves as fierce people.  They live in chronic warfare and shifting alliances between neighboring villages.

In much of the west, the code is of autonomy and individual rights.  Its emotion is anger at moral trespass, resulting in social adjustment as individuals establish their rights against any who infringe them.  Morality of the dominance hierarchy, where individuals acquire and defend position and resources, while others tolerate the inequities that result.  A quite different kind of society is based on an ethics of divinity, on the idea of the self as a spiritual entity that has to be protected against contamination.

What are the male and female gender stereotypes?  

Stereotypically female emotions include happiness and fear, the emotions of affiliation and submissiveness, while stereotypically male emotions include anger and other emotions of dominance. 

Conclude that while women have been found to show warmth, happiness, shame, and fear more frequently and more intensely than did men, men’s expressions have been found to show more pride loneliness, and contempt. 

 Hostilities seemed to have more to do with the southerners becoming an out-group.  They became “them”, no longer, “us”

They found that anger directed at the out group is more likely when group members individually feel that their group is stronger than the out-group.  And when the members are strongly identified with the group.  

1) Devolve such feuds to an authority

2) Joint projects

3) Forgiveness