Term
| What are 3 properties of the cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
1. Automaticity
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility |
|
|
Term
| Where does the cardiac electrical impulse in the heart begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is perfused by the _______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The coronary arteries receive blood during:
Systole
Diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood consists of what 4 things? |
|
Definition
1. Red blood cells (RBC)
2. White blood cells (WBC)
3. Platelets
4. Plasma |
|
|
Term
| The term for ventricular contraction is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of left-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
| Blood backs up into the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for fluid which has built up in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three Signs of Right-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
1. Peripheral Edema
2. Jugular Vein Distension
3. Enlarged Liver |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of left ventricular failure? |
|
Definition
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased perfusion
Decreased systolic blood pressure
Altered mental status
Respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of right ventricular failure? |
|
Definition
Decreased lung perfusion
hypoxia and respiratory distress
Jugular vein distension
Peripheral edema
Decreased blood return to left ventricle causes decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the primary assessment? |
|
Definition
| To identify and begin treatment of any immediate life threats |
|
|
Term
| When dealing with poisoning, pinpoint pupils are only associated with what type of overdose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When giving activated charcoal, what are the contraindications? |
|
Definition
| if the ingested poison is an acid or alkalis. |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the biggest difficulties when dealing with recognizing an inhaled poison? |
|
Definition
| a large number of them are colorless and odorless |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the biggest difficulties when dealing with recognizing an inhaled poison? |
|
Definition
| a large number of them are colorless and odorless |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of a colorless and odorless inhaled poison. |
|
Definition
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 routes for poison to enter the body? |
|
Definition
inhalation
ingestion
absorption
injection |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common route for a poison to enter the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When dealing with a poisoning victim who states they can smell bitter almonds, what poison are you dealing with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty speaking or understanding spoken words |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases to ethylene glycol poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Neurologic to cardiopulmonary to renal |
|
|
Term
| What is your MOST important resource when dealing with poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-administration of a drug in a manner that is not in accord with approved medical or social patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emergency that involves poisoning by drugs or alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Name some common stimulant drugs that are abused. |
|
Definition
| Amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, methamphetamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe itching of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic disease of the heart muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat to or from a part of the body or substance by direct contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat by circulating air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of liquid to gas. This process requires heat or energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat by radiant energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of invisible light that transfers heat. |
|
|
Term
| List 3 ways the body can modify its temperature. |
|
Definition
1. Increase or decrease heat production
2. Move to an area where heat loss is increased or decreased
3. wear appropriate clothing for the enviornment |
|
|
Term
| To be diagnosed with hypothermia, the core body temperature must fall below ____ |
|
Definition
| 95 degrees F or 35 degrees C |
|
|
Term
| What temperature range constitutes mild hypothermia? |
|
Definition
| 90 to 95 F or 32.2 o 35 C |
|
|
Term
| Severe hypothermia occurs when the body temperature is below _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiorespiratory activity usually stops when the core temperature is below _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A heat emergency can take what 3 forms? |
|
Definition
1. heat cramps
2. heat exhaustion
3. heat stroke |
|
|
Term
| Heat exhaustion is caused by ___________ as the result of loss of water and electrolytes from heavy sweating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Untreated heat stroke always results in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In diving emergencies, what are the 3 phases of a dive where emergencies can happen? |
|
Definition
| descent, bottom, and ascent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injury caused by a change in air pressure, typically affecting the ear or the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hollow organ is an organ that contains a lumen, or a hollow space |
|
|
Term
| Which organs in the abdomen are hollow? |
|
Definition
| gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, and fallopian tubes in women |
|
|
Term
| What are the solid organs in the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and in women the ovaries and uterus |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 functions of the liver |
|
Definition
1. secretes bile to aid in digestion of fats
2. filters toxic substances produced by digestion
3. creates glucose stores
4. produces substances necessary for blook clotting and immune function |
|
|
Term
| The small intestine is divided into 3 parts. Name them. |
|
Definition
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum |
|
|
Term
| The duodenum is where digestive juices from the ________ and _____ mix together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 things the pancreas secretes. |
|
Definition
Amylase
bicarbonate
insulin |
|
|
Term
| What does bicarbonate do? |
|
Definition
| neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest part of the small intestine called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Absorbs nutrients that were not absorbed earlier
2. absorbs bile to be returned to the liver
3. absorbs vitamin B12 for making nerve cells and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the large intestine called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the rhythmic movement that smooth muscles use to move food through the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spleen is part of the _________ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of the male genital system. |
|
Definition
| Testicles, epididymis, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis |
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of the female genital system. |
|
Definition
| ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| name the solid organs in the urinary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the hollow organs in the urinary system |
|
Definition
| ureters, bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| an irritation of the peritoneum causing inflammation is called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paralysis of the muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| and inflammation in small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls of the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of blood-related illnesses |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of blood? |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets
plasma |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the blood volume is made up of red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is carried in the RBC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| carries 97% of the ocyygen and some of the carbon dioxide during gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
| White blood cells (WBC's) make up what percent of a person's blood cell volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of WBC's in a healthy person? |
|
Definition
| collects dead cells and provides for their correct disposal |
|
|
Term
| What happens to WBC's when an infection is present in the body? |
|
Definition
| The body creates large numbers of WBC's and they attack the infection. |
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood cell volume is made up by platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of plasma in the blood? |
|
Definition
| plasma serves as the transportation media for all the blood components, proteins, and minerals. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things does the brain need to survive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 chemicals do the pancreas store and secrete to help the body metabolize glucose in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreas as alpha and beta cells. What chemical is produced by alpha cells? What chemical is produced by beta cells? |
|
Definition
alpha = glucagon
beta = insulin |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of diabetes? |
|
Definition
diabetes mellitus type 1
diabetes mellitus type 2
gestational diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the body burns fat rather than glucose _______ are produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are kussmaul respirations? |
|
Definition
| deep rapid breathing usually as a result of acid buildup from diabetes |
|
|
Term
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) |
|
Definition
| a life threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults, and which causes altered mental status, dehydration, and organ damage |
|
|
Term
| what are the only contraindications to giving oral glucose? |
|
Definition
| inability to swallow and unconsciousness |
|
|
Term
| which can cause seizures hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemia and pain caused by sickleshaped red blood cells that obstruct flow to a portion of the body. |
|
|
Term
| what 2 chemicals are produced by the immune system in response to a stimulus |
|
Definition
| histamines and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extreme allergic reaction that is life threatening and involves multiple organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas of localized swelling |
|
|
Term
| name 5 general categories of allergies |
|
Definition
1. food
2. medication
3. plants
4. chemicals
5. insect bites or stings |
|
|
Term
| in Which part of the airway is stridor heard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a harsh high-pitched sound heard on inspiration which occurs when swelling in the upper airway begins to close off the airway. |
|
|
Term
| When epinephrine is administered during anaphylaxis, what does effect does the drug have on the inside of the body? be specific. |
|
Definition
1. blood vessels constrict which reverses vasodilation and hypotension
2. increased cardiac contractility
3. relieves bronchospasm in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What side effects can be produced from epinephrine injection? |
|
Definition
| increased pulse rate, anxiety, cardiac dysrhythmia, pallor, dizziness, chest pain, headache, nausea, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What is the adult dose for epinephrine? And children? |
|
Definition
.3 mg in a 1 to 1000 concentration
.15 mg in a 1 to 1000 concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease = an infection of the upper femail reproductive organs - specifically the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you fail to consider gynecologic reasons for abdominal pain in females what percent of the diagnoses will be wrong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this pain comes from the organ that is involved in the problem. It presents as less severe, more generalized, dull or aching, and can be constant or intermittent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This pain is more localized and severe. The pain is sharp and constant and involves the peritoneal lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is visceral pain that is felt somewhere other than the organ which is affected. |
|
|
Term
| What is esophageal varices and what is the most common cause for it? |
|
Definition
| Engorged and weakened veins in the esophagus. Usually caused by heavy alcohol use and liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the nervous system us responsible for adjusting the blood flow by constricting and dilating blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| State the path that blood takes from the heart trough the body. Begin with the right atrium. |
|
Definition
1. right atrium
2. right ventricle
3. pulmonary arteries
4. lungs
5. pulmonary veins
6. left atrium
7. left ventricle
8. aorta
9. major arteries
10. arterioles
11. capillaries
12. venules
13. major veins
14. right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal. |
|
|
Term
| how many ml of blood does the average male body contain? |
|
Definition
| 70 ml per kilo of body weight |
|
|
Term
| how many ml of blood does the average female body hold? |
|
Definition
| 65 ml per kilo of body weight |
|
|
Term
when dealing with a bleeding patient, explain the PPE precautions that should be used in the different bleeding situations...
light bleeding?
venous bleeding?
arterial bleeding? |
|
Definition
light bleeding - gloves and eye protection
venous bleeding - gloves and eye protection
arterial bleeding - gloves, eye protection, mask, gown |
|
|
Term
| what two things are significant about arterial bleeding? |
|
Definition
1. it is bright red due to being highly oxygenated.
2. it spurts from the wound in time with the pulse rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deformities
Contusions
Abrasions
Punctures
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of coagulation |
|
Definition
| the cut ends of the blood vessel begin to narrow in vasoconstriction reducing the amount of bleeding then a clot forms plugging the hole and sealing the injured portions of the vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bump caused by bleeding under the skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the first sign of hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the only time you should remove a penetrating object from a patient? |
|
Definition
| when it is in the cheek and there is an airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What is a hemostatic agent? |
|
Definition
| a chemical compound that slows or stops bleeding by assisting in clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the energy exchange between the body and an object is more than the body can tolerate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injuries from sudden or extreme changes in air pressure |
|
|
Term
| death from soft tissue injuries is often related to __________ or _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 principal layers of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blue or black discoloration of the skin such as a bruise |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 types of soft-tissue open wounds? |
|
Definition
1. abrasions
2. lacerations
3. avulsions
4. penetrating wounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wound of the superficial layer of skin caused by friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a jagged cut in the skin caused by a sharp object of a blunt force that tears the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a linear laceration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a stellate laceration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an injury that separates various layers of soft tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the muscle and subcutaneous layers |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a penetrating wound and an impaled object |
|
Definition
| the impaled object remains in the injury site |
|
|
Term
| list 6 signs of hypoperfusion |
|
Definition
1. tachycardia
2. tachypnea
3. low blood pressure
3. weak pulse
4. cool skin
5. moist skin
6. pale skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 types of ionizing radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of collision in a typical impact? |
|
Definition
1. Vehicle against an object
2. occupant against vehicle
3. internal organs against the body |
|
|
Term
| Primary blast injuries are due entirely to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In secondary blast injuries damage is caused by ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do tertiary injuries occur |
|
Definition
| the patient is hurled against an object |
|
|
Term
| give some examples of quaternary injuries |
|
Definition
1. burns from gases or fires that were started by the blast
2. respiratory injury from inhaling toxic gasses
3. suffocation, poisoning, and medical emergencies as a result of the explosion
4. contamination of wounds from environmental, chemical, or toxic substances
5. mental health emergencies brought on by the blast. |
|
|
Term
| what are three types of closed injury |
|
Definition
hematoma
contusion
crush injury |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain contains about 75% of the total volume of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the brain is responsible for balance and body movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cerebrum is responsible for voluntary motor function and _________ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain controls almost all of the functions that are necessary for life and are automatic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? |
|
Definition
Hypoxemia is low oxygen in your blood.
Hypoxia is low oxygen in your tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax |
|
Definition
| Pneumothorax is a condition when air enters pleural cavity. (Space between lungs and thoracic cage). ... Tension pneumothorax is a condition when air goes inside the pleural cavity but can't come out of it. Hence there is air trapping and ipsilateral lung is compressed. |
|
|
Term
| What is checked in the pediatric assessment trianglr |
|
Definition
| appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic TICLS? |
|
Definition
| Tone, Interactiveness, Consolability, Look/gaze, and Speech/cry |
|
|
Term
| What 5 things determine work of breathing in an infant or child? |
|
Definition
1. Abnormal airway noise
2. Accessory muscle use
3. Retractions
4. Head bobbing
5. Nasal flaring |
|
|
Term
| What is 3 contraindications for an NPA? |
|
Definition
| nasal obstruction, head trauma, facial injuries |
|
|
