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| chemicals released into blood and transported throughout body; widespread effects; controls reproduction; controls growth and development; works with body's defenses against stressors; regulates cellular metabolism and energy levels; balances electrolytes, water, and nutrients of blood |
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| study of hormones and the endocrine organs |
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| 3 Classifications of Hormones |
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| amino acid based molecules, steroids, and prostaglandin |
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| Target Cells or Target Organs |
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| affected by hormones; must contain certain receptors; work by increasing or decreasing the rate of normal metabolic process |
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| Primary Means of Regulating Blood Levels of Hormones |
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| negative feedback mechanism; levels vary within a narrow range |
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| 3 Methods for Hormone Release |
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| hormonal stimulus, humoral stimulus, neural stimulus |
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| other hormones stimulate the release of other hormones |
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| varying blood levels of certain ions or nutrients stimulate hormone release |
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| nerve fibers stimulate hormone release |
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| part of nervous system; endocrine organ; produces several hormones |
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| Endocrine Organs that Function as Only Endocrine |
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| thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, anterior pituitary |
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| Endocrine Organs that Function as Both Endocrine and Exocrine |
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| pancreas, ovaries, testes |
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| ductless, release hormones directly in blood or lymph; have very rich blood supply |
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| release hormones at body's surface or into body cavities via ducts |
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| size of pea; surrounded by Turk's saddle of sphenoid bone; hangs from stalk called the infundibulum on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus; has both a posterior and an anterior lobe |
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| stalk from which pituitary gland hangs |
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| Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones |
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| releases 6 hormones; effects on non-endocrine targets: growth hormone, prolactin; effects on other endocrine targets (tropic hormones): follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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| have effect on other endocrine targets |
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| anterior pituitary; metabolic; growth of skeletal muscles and long bones; determines final body size |
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| hyposecretion of growth hormone as a child |
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| hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child |
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| hypersecretion of growth hormone as an adult |
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| anterior pituitary gland; stimulates and maintains milk production by mother's breast |
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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| anterior pituitary gland; regulates endocrine activity of cortex portion of the adrenal gland |
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone |
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| anterior pituitary gland; also called thryotrophic hormone; influences growth and activity of thyroid gland |
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| anterior pituitary gland; regulate hormonal activity of testes and ovaries; includes follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
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| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone |
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| anterior pituitary gland; gonadtropic hormone; females: stimulates follicle development in ovaries, produces estrogen, and readies eggs for ovulation; males: stimulates sperm development |
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| anterior pituitary gland; gonadtropic hormone: females: triggers ovulation of egg from ovary and involved in production of progesterone and estrogen; males: stimulates testosterone production |
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| controls the activities of many other endocrine glands; "master endocrine gland"; hypothalamus's hormones control the release of the anterior pituitary's hormones |
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| Posterior Pituitary Gland |
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| NOT an endocrine gland; does not make hormones; stores hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) |
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| stored in posterior pituitary gland; released only during childbirth and in nursing women; stimulates powerful uterine contractions during labor and stimulates milk production |
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| sythetic form of oxytocin that induces or speeds up labor |
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| stored in posterior pituitary gland; inhibits urine production; increases b.p. by constricting arterioles; inhibited by alcohol |
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| hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone |
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| base of throat; inferior to larynx; two lobes connected by isthmus; produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
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| connects two lobes of thyroid |
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| major metabolic hormone; made of thyroxine (T4) and triidothyronine (T3); controls rate of glucose metabolism; targets every cell; important in growth and development (esp reproductive and nervous systems) |
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| hyppsecretion of thyroxine in childhood causing dwarfism and mental retardation |
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| hypothyroidism in adults causing physical and mental sluggishness, fatigue, poor muscle tone, low body temp, facial puffiness, and obesity |
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| hyperthyroidism causing high metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, weight loss, agitation, nervousness, and enlarged/bulging eyes (exophthalomos) |
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| thyroid; decreases blood calcium levels; antagonist of parathyroid hormone; released directly into blood in response to increasing levels of blood calcium; decreases with age |
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| tiny masses of glandular tissue found on posterior surface of the thyroid gland; usually total of four; produces parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone) |
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| aka parathormone; most important regulator of blood calcium levels; stimulates bone destruction to break down bone matrix and release calcium into blood; stimulates kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium |
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| two; bean shaped; over kidneys; functions as two separate endocrine glands: adrenal cortex (glandular tissue) and adrenal medulla (neural tissue) |
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| encloses adrenal medulla; 3 layers of cells; produces 3 steroid types called corticcosteroids (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones) |
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| steroids produced by adrenal cortex |
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| aka aldosterone; adrenal cortex; corticosteroid; regulates mineral and salt content of blood; regulates water and electrolyte balance |
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| cortisone and cortisol; adrenal cortex; corticosteroids; promotes cell metabolism and resists long term stressors; reduces inflammation and edema |
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| adrenal cortex; corticolsteroid; males: androgens; females: estrogens |
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| hype secretion of adrenal cortex; bronze skin tone; water and sodium loss (electrolyte imbalance); weak muscles, shock, immune system suppression |
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| hyper secretion of adrenal cortex; excessive water and sodium retention; elevated blood pressure and edema; potassium loss that affects muscle and heart funtion |
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| develops from nervous tissue; stimulated by sympathetic nervous system; helps body cope with alarming, short-term stressors; releases catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrin) |
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| located in abdominal cavity close to stomach; islets of Langerhans produce hormones; produces two hormones during feeding and fasting state (insulin and glucagon) |
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| masses of tissue in pancreas that produce hormones (insulin and glucagon) |
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| released when there are elevated levels of glucose; acts on all cells to transport glucose across the plasma membrane; insulin release stops when blood sugar level drops; only hormone that decreases blood sugar levels; essential for cells to be able to use glucose |
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| high blood glucose levels |
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| Diabetes Mellitus (type 1) |
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| body does not produce any insulin |
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| Diabetes Mellitus (type 2) |
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| insulin is produced but receptors are unable to respond (insulin resistant) |
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| antagonist of insulin; regulates blood glucose levels; targets liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood |
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| aka pineal body; small and cone shaped; hangs from roof of third ventricle; releases melatonin |
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| pineal gland; regulates sleep/wake cycles; regulates day/night cycles; coordinates fertility hormones; inhibits reproductive system development and sexual maturation before adult body size is reached |
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| located in upper thorax; posterior to sternum; large in children and small in adults; releases thymosis |
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| thymus gland; development of normal immune system and T lymphocytes or T cells |
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| performed to control autoimmune system |
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| paired; almond shaped; produces two hormones (estrogen and progesterone); stimulated by FSH and LH) |
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| ovaries; development of female sex characteristics; promotes menstral cycle and development of breasts |
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| ovaries; acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle; keeps muscles of uterus quiet during pregnancy |
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| promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; promotes development of male sex characteristics; necessary for sperm production; stimulated by LH |
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| temporary organ formed in uterus during pregnance; assists in respiratory, excretory, and nutrition of fetus |
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| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
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| placenta; produced by developing embryo and fetal portion of placenta to continue estrogen and progesterone production; keeps uterine lining intact |
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| placenta; works with estrogen and progesterone to prepare breasts for lactation |
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| placenta; hormone that relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphasis to widen pelvis during delivery |
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