All of the following are true of the adrenal medulla except...

a. some cells of the adrenal medulare secrete epinephrine

b. some cells of the adrenal medulare secrete norepinephrine

c. the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion

d. the systemic effects of the adrenal medulla are immediate

e. there are no exceptions; all of the above are true

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone could result in...

a. a depressed immune system

b. increased sweating

c. profuse urination

d. muscle spasms

e. all of the above

Hypothalamic centers regulate nervous and endocrine system activities by

a. secreting regulatory hormones to control the pituitary gland activities

b. acting as an endocrine organ, releasing ADH and oxytocin

c. direct control over endocrine cells

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid are called

(not on exam)

The adenohypophysis can be divided into three regions:

a. pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia

b. supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and paraentricular nuclei

c. neurohypophysis, infundibulum, and adenohypohysis

d. adenohypophysis, hypophyseal portal, and nerohypophysis

e. none of the above

Which hormone stimulates eff development and the secretion of estrogens by the ovarian cells?

a. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

b. oxytocin (OT)

c. luteinizing hormone (LH)

d. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

e. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone released into the interstitial fluid by the anterior pituitary enter the circulation easily because

a. they are brought through the choroid plexus by active transport

b. a strong countercurrent mechanism maintains a concentration gradient that draws them in

c. they pass easily through the infundibulum

d. the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation

e. none of the above

The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is

a. insulin

b. luteinizing hormone (LH)

c. growth hormone (GH)

d. thyroid hormone

e. none of the above

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of

a. growth hormone by the pituitary

b. steroids by the adrenal cortex

c. gonadotropins by the testes 

d. thryoid hormones by the pituitary

e. hypothalmic releasing hormones

ADH is manufactured by the

a. supra chiasmatic nucleus

b. anterior pituitary

c. posterior pituitary

d. supraoptic nucleus

e. paraventricular nucleus

d. supraoptic nucleus

not on exam

Which hormone decreases the concetnration of calcium ions in body fluids?

a. parathyroid hormone

b. calcitonin

c. thymosin

d. thryoxin

e. triiodothyronine

Which of the following does not apply to C cells?

a. they lie among the cuboidal follicle cells in the thyroid gland

b. their secretions assist the function of parathyroid hormone

c. these cells do not stain as clearly as do the follicular cells

d. they are larger than the cells of the follicular epithelium

e. they produce the hormone calcitonin

The hypophyseal portal system allows

a. the blood-brain barrier to include the pituitary gland

b. wastes from the brain to stimulate the pituitary

c. regulating hormones to go directly from teh hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

d. blood from the brain to drain to the internal jugular vein

e. all of the above

The thyroid gland is located just anterior to the

a. spinal column

b. esophagus

c. trachea

d. larynx

e. heart

Which of the following does not apply to the structure of the adrenal cortex?

a. it consists of three different layers

b. each zone synthesizes different steroid hormones

c. it one zone is damaged, the others can take over its functions

d. it is yellow in color because of the presense sof stored lipids

e. there are no exceptions, all of the above are true

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

a. isthmus

b. medulla

c. thyroid chiasm

d. infundibulum

e. cortex

Which of the following hormones contains iodine in its structure

a. erythropoietin

b. triiodothyronine

c. thryoxine

d. angiotensin I

e. both B and C

Myxedema and cretinism can result from the underproduction of

a. estrogens

b. insulin

c. androgens

d. thryoxine

e. thymosin

The zona glomerulosa is so named because its glandular cells are arranged as

a. a highly branched system

b. tight clusters of cells

c. individueal cells surrounded by matrix

d. longitudinal cords

e. none of the above

Which of the following is (are) a mineralocorticoid?

a. androgens

b. coritsol

c. ADH

d. thyroxine

e. aldosterone

The __________ is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney

a. thyroid

b. pancreas

c. adrenal gland

d. stomach

e. all of the above

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland monitor

a. blood glucose levels

b. calcitonin levels

c. blood calcium levels

d. blood phosphate levels

e. none of the above

Which gland stores its hormone extracellularly?

a. kidney

b. pituitary

c. thyroid 

d. adrenal cortex

f. pancreas

Gigantism and acromegaly occure as a result of

a. overproduction of parathyroid hormone

b. insufficient production of estrogen

c. overproduction of growth hormone

d. overproduction of mineralcorticoids

e. insufficient secretion of epinephrine

Pancretic islets (islets of Langerhans) contains all of the following cell types except

a. alpha cells

b. delta cells

c. gamma cells

d. beta cells

e. there are no exceptions

All the endocrine structures develop from __________ tissue

a. epithelial

b. neural

c. muscle

d. connective 

e. none of the above

The two hormones released by the posterior love of the pituitary gland are

a. ADH and oxytocin

b. estrogen and progesterone

c. GH and prolactin

d. thyroid hormone and somatotropin

e. none of the above

What organ(s) is (are) nervois in structure but endocrine in function?

a. adrenal medulla

b. posterior pituitary

c. thyroid

d. anterior pituitary

e. both A and B

How do the cells of teh adrenal medulla differ from the other glandular cells?

a. they form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons

b. they do not differ from cells

c. they are modified parasympathetic ganglion

d. they are chief cells that have migrated from the kidneys

e. none of the above

Which of the following organs secrete hormons?

1. Pancreas

2. Liver

3. Brain

4. Adrenal cortex

5. adrenal medulla

6. thymus

7. ovary

8. testis

9. thyroid gland

10. pineal gland

The zona reticularis releases very small amounts of 

a. aldosterone

b. mineralocorticoids

c. glucocorticoids

d. androgens

e. none of the above