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Definition
| Glands that secrete their products into ducts that lead to the external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands that secrete their products (hormones) into the bloodstream. or release paracrines that effect only target cells. |
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| Glands, Tissues, and cells that secrete hormones |
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Definition
| the study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatments of its disorders |
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| chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological response in cells of another tissue or organ. Often a considerable distance away. |
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Definition
-hormones stimulate only cells with receptors for them
-receptors are proteins or glycoproteins(on plasma, in cytoplasm, or in the nucleus)
-each target cell has several thousand receptors
-Specificity and Saturation |
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Definition
| there is a specific receptor for each hormone |
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Definition
| when all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules. |
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Adjusts by number of receptors.
Up-regulation and down-regulations. |
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Definition
| the number of receptors is increased so the sensitivity is increased. |
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Definition
| reduces number of receptors. sensitivity decreases. Common with long term exposure to high hormone concentrations. |
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Definition
| pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients and electrolytes to move from cell to cell |
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Definition
| released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell. |
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Definition
| local hormones. secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells. |
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Definition
steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, monoamines.
ALL HORMONES ARE DERIVED FROM CHOLESTEROL OR AMINO ACID |
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Definition
derived from cholesterol and secreted by gonads and adrenal glands.
ex:estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, coritcosterone, aldoesterone, DHEA, and calcitrol |
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Term
| peptides and glycoproteins |
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Definition
created from chains of amino acids and secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus.
ex: oxytocin, ADH, releasing and inhibiting hormones and anterior pituitary hormones. |
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Definition
Biogenic amines. derived from amino acids and secreted by adrenal, pineal, and thyroid glands.
EX: epinepherine, norepinepherin, melatonin, and thyroid hormone. |
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Definition
| synthesized same way as proteins. |
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Definition
| first stage: INACTIVE. signal peptide that guides into the rough ER |
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Definition
| signal peptide removed. Golgi body does final transformation to HORMONE and is packaged for secretion. |
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Definition
| preproinsulin becomes proinsulin. C peptide levels gauge how much insulin is produced in the body. |
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Definition
| Hormones are extremely potent, one hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of many enzyme molecules. SMALL STIMULUS PRODUCES LARGE EFFECT. circulating concentrations are very low. |
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Hormone Interactions
(3 types) |
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Definition
| Synergistic, permissive, antagonistic |
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Definition
multiple hormones act together for a greater effect.
-- synergism btwn FSH and testosterone and sperm levels. |
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Definition
one hormone enhances the target organs response to a second later hormone.
--estrogen prepares uterus for action of progetsterone. |
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Definition
one hormone opposes the action of another.
--insulin lowers blood glucose and glycogen raises it. |
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Definition
| Hormones must be turned off when they have served their purpose. most are taken up and degraded by liver and kidney (bile or urine) |
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Term
| Metabolic Clearance Rate (MCR) |
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Definition
| rate of hormone removal from the blood. |
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Definition
time required to clear 50% of hormone from blood.
faster MCR the shorter the half life. |
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Term
Nervous V Endocrine
-internal communication- |
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Definition
nervous-electrical and chemical
endocrine- only chemical |
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Term
Nervous V.Endocrine
-persistence of response- |
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Definition
nervous-reacts quickly (1-10ms) stops quickly.
Endocrine-reacts slowly(sec-days)effects may continue for weeks |
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Term
Nervous V. Endocrine
-long term stimuli- |
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Definition
nervous- response declines (adapts quickly)
endocrine- response persists (adapts slowly) |
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Nervous V. Endocrine
-area of effect- |
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Definition
nervous- targeted and specific (one organ)
endocrine- gerneral widespread effect (many organs) |
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| Nervous+Endocrine (5 sim) |
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Definition
1. several chemicals function as both hormones and neruotransmitters(norepine, cholecystokinin, TRH, dopamine, ADH)
2. Some hormones secreted by neurons that release their secretions into the blood stream( oxytocin and catecholamines)
3. Both systems have overlapping effects on same target cells ( norepin and glucagon, causes glycogen hydrolysis in liver)
4. systems regulate each other
5.both require receptors |
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Term
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Definition
-shaped like a flattened funnel
-forms floor and walls of third ventricle of the brain
-regulates primitive functions of the body, water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, and childbirth
-main function is homeostasis and is carried out by the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| housed in the sella turcica or sphenoid bone. size and shape of a kidney bean |
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Definition
| stalk that suspends the pituitary |
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Definition
| Anterior. Arises from hypophyseal pouch. 3/4th of pituitary. anterior lobe, |
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Definition
| posterior. downgrowth from brain |
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Definition
| small mass of cells adhering to stalk |
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| Hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
links A. pit to the hypothalamus.
-capilaries in hypothalamus connected to secondary capillaries in adenohypophysis by portal venules
-hypothalamis hormone regulate adenohypophysis cells |
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Term
| 3 parts of neruohypophysis |
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Definition
| median, eminence, infundibulum and the posterior lobe(pars nervousa) |
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Term
| Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
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Definition
| nerve tissue. nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus pass down the stalk to the tract and end in the posterior lobe. hypothalamis neruons secrete hormones that are stored in neurohypophysis until released into blood |
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Term
| 6 Hormones that regulate A. Pit |
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Definition
produced in the Hypothalamus
-thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-corticotropin-releasing hormone
-gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-growth hormone-releasing hormone
-prolactin-inhibiting hormone
-somatostatin |
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Term
| 2 hormones released into P. Pit |
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Definition
produced in hypothalamus
-oxytocin
-ADH |
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Definition
| Releasing if the stimulate pituitary cells and inhibiting hormones if they inhibit secretion |
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Definition
| TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH. They affect a. pit secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSh, LH, GH |
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Definition
| PIH inhibits secretion of prolactin and somatostatin which inhibits secretion of growth hormone by a. pit. |
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Definition
stored and released by p.pit(not synthesized there)
-right and left paraventricular nuclei produces oxytocin (OT) |
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Definition
stored and released by p. pit. (not synthesized there)
-supraoptic nuclei produce antidiuretic hormone. |
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| 2 gonadotropin hormones synthesixed and secreted by a. lobe of pituitary |
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Definition
--target gonads
1. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates secretion of ovarian sec hormones, developement of ovarian follicles and sperm production
2. LH ( luteinizing hormones) stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone. |
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| 4 other hormones synthesized and secreted by a. lobe pituitary |
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Definition
1.TSH-stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
2.ACTH(adrenocoricotropic) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
3. PRL (prolactin) after birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk, enhances secretion of testosterone
4. Growth Hormone- stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation |
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Definition
| -Widespread Effects on the body tissues, esp. cartilage bone muscle and fat. |
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| growth hormone and inducing liver to produce growth stimulants |
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Definition
1.stimulate target cells in diverse tisue
2.protein synthesis increases
3.lipid metabolism increased
4.carbohydrate metabolism: glucose sparing effect
5. electrolyte balance |
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Definition
| Bone growth, secreted during first 2 hrs of sleep. can peak in response to vigorous exercise, gradually decline with age. |
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Definition
produced in the hypothalamus trasported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe.
-increases water retention thus reducing urin volume and prevents dehydration. Also called vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction |
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Definition
produce in hypothalamus, transported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
-released during sexual arousal,and orgasm
-promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding.
-stimulates labor contractions
-stimulates flow of milk during lactation
-promotes bonding btwn mother and child. |
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Term
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Definition
attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle. after age 7 it undergoes involution(shrinkage)
SAD(seasonal affective disorder)winter. depression. 2-3 hrs of bright light exposure each day releases melatonin |
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Definition
plays role in endocrine lymphatic, and immune
bilobed. site of maturation of t cells important in immune defense.
secretes thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin that stimulate the developement of other lymphatic organs |
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Definition
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| secrete thyroxin(t4) and triiodothyronine(t3) which increase metabolic rate, o2 consumption, heat production, appetie, growth hormone, secretion, alertness and reflexes |
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Definition
| secrete calcitonin(lowers blood calciu, levels) in response to rising blood calcium. And stimulates osteoblast activity. |
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Definition
| four glands. secrete parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
| increases blood calcium levels. promotes synthesis of calcitriol, increased absorption of calcium, decreases urinary excretion, increases bone resorption |
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Definition
small gland that sits atop each kidney. retroperitoneal like the kidney.
Adrenal Cortext and medulla formed by merger of two fetal glands with different origins and functions. |
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Definition
Dual nature as endocrine and sympathetic ganglion of the nervous system.
-innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers. |
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Definition
| modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Make up the Adrenal Medulla |
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Definition
released by adrenal medulla.
norepinephrine and epinephrine has a trace of dopamine directly into bloodstream |
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| Effects of adrenal medulla |
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Definition
last longer than neurotransmitters. increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity.
-increase blood pressure, heart rate blood flow to muscles and metabolic rate.
-decreases digestion and urine production |
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Term
| glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
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Definition
| inhibits insulin secretion. muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for brain. |
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Definition
produces 25 steroids...corticosteroids and corticoids.
5 major steroid from 3 layers (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zon'a reticularis) |
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Definition
| thin outer layer. cells are arranged in cluseters, secret mineralocorticoid (regulate electrolyte balance) |
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Definition
| Thick middle layer. cells arranged in fasicles separtated by capillaries. secretes glucocorticoids. |
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Definition
| Narrow inner layer. cells in branching network. secrete sex sterioids |
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Definition
z.glomerulosa. electrolyte balance.
ex: Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion water is retained with sodium by osmosis so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained. |
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Definition
| z.fasiculata. regulates metabolism of glucose and other fuels, esp cortisol(stimulates fat and protein catabolism), gluconeogenesis(glucose from amino acids and fatty acids)and release of fatty acides and glucose into blood. Helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues. Anti inglammatory effect becomes immune supppression with long term use. |
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Definition
| z.reticularis. Androgens and estradiol. |
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Definition
| sets libido throughout life, large rold in prenatal male development(DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone) which other tissues convert to testosterone. |
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Definition
| small quantity but important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass, fat converts androgen into estrogen |
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Definition
| endocrine(pancreatic islets) and exocrine gland(acinar cells) |
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Definition
| secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, somatostatin directly into bloodstream. consists of alpha cells, betha cells, delta cells pp cells and g cells |
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Definition
| secrete pancreatic juices into pancreatic duct which joins with the bild duct and empties into the duodenum |
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Definition
Alpha cells. released btwn meals when blood glucose is falling.
-in liver raises blood glucose level.
-in adipose tissue stimulates fat catabolism
-released when amino acid levels in blood rise to promote acid absorption |
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Definition
| beta cells. secreted during and after meals. stimulates cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVLES |
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Definition
| insulin dependent. inadequate production of insulin |
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Definition
| non-insulin dependent. inadequate activity at the insulin receptor |
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Definition
| Delta cells. partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin. in A. pit inhibits secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone and TSH |
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Definition
| PP or F cells. inhibits gallbladder and intestinal contractions and secretion of stomach acid and pancreatic digestive enzymes |
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Definition
| G cells. stimulates secretion of gastric acid(HCI) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility and emptying |
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Definition
raise blood glucose concentrations.
ex:glucagon, GH, epinephrine, norepeinepherine, cortisol, corticosterone |
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Definition
lower blood glucose
ex:insulin |
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Definition
| ovaries and testes both endocrine and exocrine |
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Definition
| produce whole cells (egg and sperm) cytogenic glands |
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Definition
| produce gonadal hormones...mostly steroids. |
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Definition
| estradiol, progesterone and inhibin |
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Definition
| testosteron, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin |
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Definition
| egg surrounded by granulosa cells and capsule (theca) |
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Definition
| synthesize andostenedione and converted to mainly estradiol |
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Definition
produce sperm.
tubule walls contain sustentacular cells
leydig cells lie in clusters |
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Definition
| stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent and sex drive. sustain sperm production |
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Definition
| from sustentacular cells. limits FSH secretion in order to regulate sperm prodcution |
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Term
| Endocrine functions in the skin |
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Definition
| keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using uv from the sun |
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Term
| endorcrine functions in the liver |
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Definition
| involved in the production of at least five hormones. |
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| Endocrine functions in kidneys |
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Definition
plays role in production of 3 hormones.
calcitriol, renin, erythropoietin |
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Term
| Endocrine functions in the heart |
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Definition
| cardiac muscles secrete atrial and brain natriuretic peptieds. (ANP and BNP) |
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| Antrial and Brain Natriuretic peptides |
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Definition
| decrease blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium and water output by kidneys |
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Term
| Endocrine functions in stomach and small intetines |
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Definition
| secrete at least 10 enteric hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells. coordinate digestive motility and glandular secretion |
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Definition
| secreted by adipose tissue.. slows appetite |
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Definition
| in osseous tissue, secreted by osteoblasts. inhibits weight gain and onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
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Definition
| secrete estrogen progesterone and others. regulated pregnancy and stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands |
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Definition
| mix easily with blood plasma. monoamines and peptides |
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Definition
| steroids and thyroid hormone. binds to transport proteins |
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Definition
| have longer half-life. Protected from liver enzymes and kidney filtration |
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Definition
| leaves capillaries to reach target cell. |
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Definition
| penetrate plasma membrane and enter nucleus. takes several hours to days to show effects due to lag for protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| cannot penetrate into target cells. must stimulate physiology indirectly |
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Term
Thyroid Hormone
(Thyroxine) |
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Definition
| enters target cell by diffusion mostly as T4... then its converted into more potent T3. T3 then enters target cells and binds to receptors in DNA. Activates genes |
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Definition
| caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens ones physical or emotional well being. |
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Term
General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) |
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Definition
| consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine aand glucocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
alarm reaction
stage of resistence
stage of exhaustion |
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Definition
| initial response, prepares body for figh or flight. stored glycogen is consumed |
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Definition
after a few hours glycogen reserves gone. but brain still needs glucose if situation had not been resolved.
stage dominated by cortisol |
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