Term
| Where is the hypothalamus located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the nervous functions of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Regulating the activity of internal organs and in controlling sexual activity |
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Term
| What is the first class of hormones released by the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second class of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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Term
| How many releasing/inhibiting hormones are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the releasing/inhibiting hormones target? |
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Definition
| Stimulate/inhibit the secretion of various hormones by the anterior pituitiary |
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Term
| What are the two second class hormones? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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Term
| Where is antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin stored? |
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Definition
| Posterior pituitary for storage and secretion into the blood stream |
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Term
| Which lobe of the pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the other endocrine glands controlled by the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Thryoid, cortex of the adrenal gland, and gonads |
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Term
| What is the anterior pituitary gland composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the posterior pituitary composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the posterior pituitary with the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissue has a paler stain anterior or posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissue has a deeper stain anterior or posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three cells contained within the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes |
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Term
| How does one differ the cell types of the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Via the color of the cytoplasm stain |
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Term
| If the cytoplasm stain is deeply pink/red the cell type is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do acidophils secrete? |
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Definition
| Prolactin and growth hormone |
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Term
| If the cytoplasm stain is violet-blue the cell type is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do basopihls secrete? |
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Definition
| The other anterior piuitary hormones |
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Term
| If the cytoplasm stain is pale or lacking the cell type is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of chromophobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the posterior pituitary gland produce any hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the neurosecretory cells? |
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Definition
| cell bodies of modified neurons |
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Term
| Where are the neurosecretory cells found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the posterior pituitary stain resemble? |
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Definition
| pink or violet cottony material with occasional purple nuclei scatter through out. |
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Term
| What does the "cottony material" consist of? |
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Definition
| axons of numerous neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What are the purple nuclei in the posterior pituitary gland stain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
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Definition
| In the neck around the trachea, just below the trachea |
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Term
| What are the principal hormones secreted by the thyroid? |
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Definition
| Thyrroxine, triiodothyronine, and clacitonin |
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Term
| What is thyroxine's role? |
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Definition
| Stimulates the metabolic activity of nearly all the body's cells |
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Term
| What is calcitonin's role? |
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Definition
| net effect of reducing the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood |
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Term
| What are the round structures on the thyroid slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the wall of each follicle formed by? |
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Definition
| A layer of simple cuboidal cells, known as follicle cells |
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Term
| What do the follicle cells surround?? |
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Definition
| Cavity filled with colloid, a pink stained fluid |
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Term
| How are follicle cells and colloid related? |
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Definition
| Follicle cells secrete colloid into the cavity |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Follicle cells secrete the protein thyroglubulin into the colloid |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Tyrosine, which makes up part of thyroglobulin, joins with iodine atoms |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Pairs of Tyrosine/Iodine combo join together to form thyroxine |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Follicle cells take thyroglobulin molecules back out of the colloid and break them down |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 5 |
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Definition
| Breakdown releases the thyroxine molecules |
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Term
| Formation of Thyroxine: Step 6 |
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Definition
| Thyroxine diffuse out of the follicle cells into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Where are parafollicle cells found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do parafollicle cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the adrenal gland found? |
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Definition
| like a triangular cap on the kidney |
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Term
| Where does the adrenal gland lie in cats? |
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Definition
| Bean-shaped and lies a short distance away from the kidney |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
| Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Where is the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| an endocrine gland in the central portion |
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Term
| What surround the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the central portion and cortex secrete the same group of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chromaffin cells? |
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Definition
| secretory cells of the adrenal medulla |
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Term
| How is the secretory activity of the chromaffin cells controlled? |
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Definition
| By neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS |
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Term
| What do the chromaffin cells secrete? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What is different about epinephrine and norepiephrone? |
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Definition
| Act as hormones, but can as as neurotransmitters when produced by conventional nerve cells |
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Term
| What are the secretory cells of the adrenal cortex composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the adrenal cortex secrete? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone, cortiso, some sex hormones |
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Term
| What is the the role of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| regulate the concentration of inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium |
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Term
| What is the role of cortisol? |
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Definition
| regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
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Term
| What is the small, central, paler area of an adrenal gland slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the darker area surrounding the medulla of an adrenal gland slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the majority of the cells of the medulla? |
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Definition
| Secretory chromaffin cells |
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Term
| Is the adrenal gland vascular or avascular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the large oval or irregular spaces on the adrenal medulla slide? |
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Definition
| Venules and veins, may contain pink-colored red blood cells |
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Term
| What do the cells of the adrenal cortex form? |
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Definition
| Long columns/cords that are oriented perpendicularly to the outer surface of the gland |
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Term
| What are the narrow spaces between the columns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of the sinusoids? |
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Definition
| Act as capillaries, conducting blood past the secretory cells so that they can secrete their hormones into them |
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Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
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Definition
| Beneath and behind the stomach |
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Term
| How is the pancreas similar to the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
| Consist of two different glands packaged in the same organ |
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Term
| What is the majority of the tissue found in the pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the minority of the tissue found in the pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the exocrine tissue of the pancreas secrete? |
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Definition
| Producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct |
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Term
| How is the endocrine tissue of the pancreas organized? |
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Definition
| In little patches throughout the exocrine tissue |
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Term
| What are the patches of endocrine tissue within the pancreas called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones produced by the islets of langerhans? |
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Definition
| insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. |
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Term
| What are the most important functions of insulin and glucagon? |
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Definition
| Regulate the storage and utilization of nutrients (especially glucose) by the body |
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Term
| What is one function of pancreatic somatostatins? |
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Definition
| To suppress the release of insulin and glucagon |
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Term
| What is the role of pancreatic polypeptide? |
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Definition
| Known to regulate the production of some pancreatic digestive enzymes and to inhibit gallbladder contractions |
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Term
| Where does the pancreas attach to the small intestine? How? |
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Definition
| Duodenum, via the pancreatic duct |
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Term
| How do the Islets of Langerhans look like on a slide? |
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Definition
| Small pale patches scattered among the rest of the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the pyloric region of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes by the gastric glands. Also stimulates contractions of the muscular layer of the stomach wall to increase mixing of the stomach contents |
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