Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Endocrine
na
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/30/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the endocrine system
Definition
system of ductless glands
secretes messengers molecules called hormones
Term
endocrine systems interacts closely with:
Definition
Interacts closely with the nervous system
•Both work together to coordinate tissue/organ function
Term
Basic hormone action:
Definition
–Circulate throughout the body in blood vessels
–Influences only specific tissues – target cells
–A hormone can have different effects on different target cells
Term
Endocrine Organs are located
Definition
Scattered throughout the body
Term
The Pure endocrine organs
Definition
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pineal
Term
Organs containing endocrine cells
Definition
Pancreas, heart, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus
b)Others
Term
Control of Hormones Secretion
Definition
Always controlled by feedback loops
Term
Blood concentration declines below a minimum
Definition
More hormone is secreted
Term
–Blood concentration exceeds maximum
Definition
•Hormone production is halted
•Hormones feedback on endocrine cells and inhibit secretion
Term
The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Secretes
Definition
nine major hormones
Term
--sized gland that hangs from --; sits in -- Attached to the-- by the --
Definition
Pea-sized gland that hangs from hypothalamus; sits in depression in sphenoid bone
Term
The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) has portions derived from
Definition
both nervous tissue and epithelium from roof of mouth
Term
Two basic divisions of the pituitary gland
Definition
Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis
Term
Adenohypophysis is the -- part of the pituitary, secretes # hormones, and is subdivided into:
Definition
(anterior pituitary) – 7 hormones
•Subdivided into:
a)Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
b)Pars intermedia (between pars distalis and pars nervosa)
c)Pars tuberalis (wrapped around upper stalk)
Term
Neurohypophysis is the -- part of the pituitary, secretes # hormones, and is subdivided into:
Definition
posterior
2
pars nervosa (posterior& largest)
infundibulum
Medium Eminence: cone shaped region on hypothalamus
Term
Pars distalis -- division of the adenohypophysis
Contains # of types endocrine cells
Secretes # hormones
Definition
the largest division of the adenohypophysis
5
7
Term
Seven hormones from pars distalis:
Definition
1)Growth hormone (GH)
2)Prolactin (PRL)
3)Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Term
Growth hormone (GH)
Definition
Increases overall growth
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
Stimulates milk production in breast
Term
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
Term
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
Term
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Definition
stimulates pigment production; suntan
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Definition
females: follicle development; males: stimulate Sertoli cells and cells of male reproductive tract
Term
Luteinizing hormone
Definition
females: follicle development, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum; males: testosterone secretion from Leydig cells
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
–Regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
–TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH
Term
Non-tropic hormones
Definition
–Regulate body processes
Term
Does the pituitary secrete tropic or non-tropic hormones?
Definition
both
Term
Hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones from
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
How does the hypothalamus control hormone secretion?
Definition
–Secretes releasing factors to stimulate secretion of hormones
–Secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of hormones
Term
Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
Definition
Two sets of capillaries – one in hypothalamus, another in pars distalis; hormones from hypothalamus travel to cells in pars distalis via hypophyseal portal veins
Term
Pars intermedia of adenohypophysis
Definition
Cells that also secrete MSH – increased pigmentation of skin
Term
Pars Tuberalis adenohypophysis
Definition
–Thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropins
–Role in seasonal biorhythms
–More important in other mammals, but also humans
•“Spring Fever”
Term
The Neurohypophysis Structurally part of the
Definition
brain (neurosecretory cells)
Term
The Neurohypophysis
Cell bodies in;
axons in:
Definition
Cell bodies in hypothalamus; axons descend into pars nervosa and release hormones
Term
Neurohypophysis secretes :
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
ADH): supraoptic nucleus
–Water re-absorption in kidney
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
paraventricular nucleus; inferior to third ventricle
•Uterine contractions, milk ejection
Term
wheres the thyroid gland?
Definition
Located in the anterior neck; inferior to larynx
Term
whats the largest pure endocrine gland?
Definition
thyroid
Term
thyroid composed of
Definition
of follicles and loose (areolar) connective tissue
Term
thyroid Produces two hormones:
Definition
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Term
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Definition
increases metabolism, increases heart rate, necessary for brain development and overall growth in children
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
lowers blood calcium levels
Term
Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Children
Definition
Cretinism
Term
Thyroid follices are
Definition
hollow spherical structures
Term
Thyroid follicle walls epithelium:
Definition
cuboidal epithelial cells
Term
THyroid follicle center is filled with:
Definition
jelly-like colloid
Term
Colloid consists of a
Definition
protein called thyroglobulin + iodide atoms
Term
Thyroid hormone (TH): derived from -- with # of --
Definition
(amino acid; part of thyroglobulin)
with either 3 or 4 iodide atoms attached; only known function of iodide in body
Term
Colloid stores large amounts
Definition
of thyroglobulin and iodide = only hormone stored before use (enough for about 3 months)
Term
Parafollicular (C) cells:
Definition
secretes calcitonin; around thyroid follicles, but in contact with follicles
Term
Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Definition
1)Thyroglobulin (from follicle cells) and iodide atoms (from blood) secreted into colloid
2)Tyrosine residues are iodinated
3)When stimulated by TSH, re-uptake of iodinated thyroglobulin into follicle cells by phagocytosis
4)Taken to lysosomes where enzymes break down thyroglobulin release thyroid hormone
5)Thyroid hormone diffuses out of follicle cell and into bloodstream
Term
The Parathyroid Glands Lie on the
# and size
Definition
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
4 small glands
Term
The Parathyroid Glands Contain two types of endocrine cells
Definition
–Chief cells – produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
•Increases blood concentration of Ca2+
–Oxyphil cells – function unknown
Term
The Adrenal Glands Located on the: -- shape have a -- capsule
Definition
superior surface of the kidneys; triangle shaped with fibrous capsule
Term
The Adrenal Glands have Two endocrine glands in one:
Definition
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
nervous tissue
•Chromaffin cells – modified sympathetic, postganglionic neurons
•Secretes epinephrine
Term
Adrenal cortex
Definition
bulk of the adrenal gland
Term
Cortex is composed of three layers:
Definition
1)Zona glomerulosa – outermost layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged into spheres
2)Zona fasciculata – middle layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged into long, straight cords
3)Zona reticularis – innermost layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged in an interconnecting network pattern
Term
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Two main classes both are
Definition
both are steroid hormones, derived from cholesterol
1)Mineralocorticoids
2)Glucocorticoids:
Term
Mineralocorticoids
Definition
increase sodium retention
a)Aldosterone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa
Term
Glucocorticoids:
Definition
keep blood sugars elevated
a)Cortisol – secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
i.Helps the body deal with stressful situations
Term
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Definition
Also a glucocorticoids
i.Precursor to androgens and estrogens
ii.Small amounts of androgens and estrogens secreted by adrenal cortex of both males and females
Term
Structure of Steroid-Secreting Cells (adrenal cortex and gonad endocrine cells)
Definition
Abundant smooth ER and no secretory granules
•Steroid hormones not stored in cells
–Mitochondria have unusual cristae – shaped like tubes
–Lipid droplets are abundant in cytoplasm; store cholesterol
•Cholesterol is the raw material of steroids
Supporting users have an ad free experience!