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Endocrinology
Unit 1
61
Other
Not Applicable
12/08/2011

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Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream, the hormones are then carried throughout the body where they bind to a target organ cell with specific receptors triggering a reaction.
Term
Endocrine Hormone
Definition
a chemical substance that is produced by an endocrine gland then secreted directly into the blood stream and carried throughout the body where they bind to a target organ cell with specific receptors triggering a reaction.
Term
Exocrine Glane
Definition
secretes its product via a duct onto laminal surface.
Term
Target Ordan/Cells
Definition
cell having a specific receptor that with a specific hormone, antigen, antibody, antibiotic, sensitized T cell, or other substances.
Term
Second messenger
Definition
any of several classes of intracellular signals acting at or situated within the plasma membrane and translating electrical or chemical messages from the environment into the cellular responses.
Term
Autocrine signaling
Definition
form of hormonal signaling in which a cell secreted a hormone, or chemical messenger, called the autocrine agent, that binds to autocrine receptors.
Term
Paracrine signaling
Definition
type of hormone function in which a hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function. These hormones are not released into the bloodstream but into the surrounding tissues and act in the immediate vicinity.
Term
Endocrine signaling
Definition
signaling in which endocrine cells release hormones that act on distant target cells
Term
Hormone
Definition
a chemical substance that is produced and secreted into the blood by an organ or tissue, and has a specific effect on target tissue.
Term
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH)
Definition
peptide hormone that stimulates the release of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary
Term
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
(TRH)
Definition
hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary
Term
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
(CRH)
Definition
hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress release. Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropin (ATCH)
Term
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
(PIH)
Definition
hotmone that inhibits prolactin production. Targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit milk production at the mammary gland.
Term
Prolactin Releasing Hormone
(PRH)
Definition
Stimulates prolactin production
Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Inhibitin Factor
(MIF)
Definition
Inhibits melanocytes stimulating hormone (MSH) production
Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Releasing Factor
(MRF)
Definition
Influences melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) production. Melanin formation and deposition in the body and causing color changes in the skin
Term
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
(GHIH)
Definition
also called somatostatin (()-hormone that inhibits the secretion of the Human Growth Hormone (hGH) from somatotops cell in the anterior pituitary
Term
growth Hormone Releaseing Hormone
(GHRH)
Definition
also called Somatocrinin-Hormones that stimulates Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretion from the anterior pituitary
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Pea-sized structure attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus. Divided into two lobes, anterior and posterior.
Secreted hormones regulating homeostasis, incluting hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Located beneath the thalamus and just above the brain stem
recieved input from other region of the brain, internal organs, and the visual system
controls body temperature, hunger, thirs, fatigue, anger, circadian cycles, and intandem with the autonomic nervous system helps control sexual behavior and defensive reactions such as fear and rage.
Term
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Definition
Hormone that regulates the decelopment, growth, onset of puberty, and reproductive processes of the human body.
Term
Leutinizing Hormone
(LH)
Definition
Hormone that is the essential for reproduction.
Term
Prolactin
(PRL)
Definition
Hormone which primarily associated with lactation.
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
Definition
Hormone which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
Definition
Hormone that stimulates te cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of cortosteroids and sex steroids. ACTH is also related to the circdian rythm in many organisms.
Term
Human Growth Hormone
(hGH)
Definition
Hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans.
Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSN)
Definition
Hormone that stimulates the production and release of melanin in the skin and hair. When released into the brain, has an opposite effect on appetite and sexual arousal.
Term
Gigantism
Definition
abnormally rate of skeletal growth in childhood
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
a condition in which the cartilage continues to new bones during adulthood
Term
Posterior pituitary
Definition
an extention of the nerve tissue od the hypothalamus.
its hormones are first synthesized by the hypothalamus then stored and secred and released into the bloodstream when needed.
Term
Anterior pituitary
Definition
controlled through the negative feedback mechanism for the target gland hormones as well as hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Peptide hormone that binds to the uterine smooth muscle which then stimulates contractions of the uterus.
Term
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Vasopressin
Definition
Controls the reabsorption of water by the distal tubules of the kidneys and regulates the osmotic content of blood.
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
outer portion of the adrenal gland
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
inner portion of the adrenal gland
Term
zona glomerulosa
Definition
produces mineralocorticoids, the main hormone in aldosterone
Term
zona fasciculata
Definition
produces glucocorticodis, the main hormone is cortisol
Term
zona reticularis
Definition
produces gonadocortoids, the main hormones are dehydroepiandrasterone (DHEA), androgens, estrogen, and testosterone
Term
Cortociods
Definition
sex steroid hormones
Term
Mineralocortoids
Definition
steroid hormones that primarily regulate sodium homeostasis.
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
group of steroid hormones that help regulate blood glucose homeostasis
Term
gonadocorticoids
Definition
steroid hormones that include the androgens and estrogen
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
a bi-lobed butterfly shaped gland located in the front and sides of the trachea below the larynx.
Term
Isthmus
Definition
band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left thyroid glands
Term
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Definition
an autoimmune disease in which the immune system system fails to recognize the thyroid gland as a part of its own body's own tissue and attacks it as if it were a foreign body. This impairs thyroid function and sometimes destroys the gland.
Term
Cretinism
Definition
Congenial defect in newborns that lack a properly thyroid gland. Characterized by a low BMR, very slow growth and sexual development and mental retardation.
Term
Myxedema
Definition
condition characterized by decreased metabolic rate which causes mental slowness, dry skin, hair loss, thickened edematous (swollen) skin, enlarged tongue, slowed speech and yellow dullness of skin. Weight gain is common and is the result of accumulation of adipose tissue and fluid. This can develop in older children or adults.
Term
Grave's disease
Definition
most common type of primary hyperthyroidism
Term
Sertoli cells
Definition
supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules
Term
Inhibin
Definition
hormone secreted by the sertoli cells that inhibits the secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
Term
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
Definition
Stimulates the testes to produce sperm
Term
Leutinizing hormone
(LH)
Definition
stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop and produce testosterone
Term
Orchiectomy
Definition
removal of the testes
Term
Amenorrhea
Definition
absence of normal menstruation
Term
Laboratory tests for diagnosing Adrenal Cortex Disorders
Definition
Plasma Cortisol, Basal ACTH, Cortisol 24-hour urine, and ACTH stimulation test
Term
Laboratory tests for diagnosing Adrenal Medulla Disorders
Definition
Plasma epinephrine, norephinephrine, and dopamine levels. Urine 24-hour, ephinephrine, norephinephrine, dopamine, metanephrine, and vanillylmandic acid (VMA) levels
Term
Most sensitive test for hypothyroydism
Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
Term
Total T4
Definition
Measures the concentration og Throxine in the serum.
Can rule out Hypo- and hyper-thyroidism.
Term
Total T3
Definition
Useful in the diagnosis of hyper- but not hypo-thyroidism.
Term
FT3: Free triiodothyronine
Definition
test that measures the circulating T3 that exists in the free state in the blood (unound to protein)
Term
TBG: Thyroxine Binding Globulin assays
Definition
Distinguishes between hyperthyroidism causing elevated T4 and euthyroid (normal) patients with increased T4-binding by TBG
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