1. First priming rxn

2. Adds a P to Glc from ATP to C6

3. Large -ΔG, drives forward rxn

4. Excess energy is released as heat

5. Keeps Glucose in the cell

Phosphofructokinase-1

(PFK-1)

1. Commited step

2. 3rd step, 2nd priming step

3. Large -ΔG,(irreversible)

4. Major point of regulation

5. Adds second P from ATP to

Fru 6-P --> Fru 1,6-bisphosphate

1. Cleaves Fru 1,6-phos--> 2 triose

2. pos ΔG, reversible rxn

3. Forward rxn is dirven by removal of products

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

(GAPDH)

1. Adds P_i to glyeraldehyde 3-P

2. Produces NADH

3. Forms first high energy phosphate compound

(1,3-bisphosphoglycerate)

1. Forms ATP

2. Converts 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate --> 3-phosphoglycerate

3. -ΔG

1. Makes the 2nd high energy compound

2. Pos ΔG, reversible

3. Removal of water

4. 3-phosphoglycerate --> PEP

1. Makes ATP

2. PEP-->Pyruvate

3. Large -ΔG, irreversible

Glucose, 2ADP, 2P, 2 NAD⁺

--->

2Pyruvate 2ATP 2H⁺ 2NADH 2H₂0

1. Areobic (Mito.) slow, need carrier to cross in to mito matrix

2. Anaerobic (cytosol) fast convert pyruvate to lactate, causes formation of NAD⁺

1. Inhibitors - ATP  Citrate

2. Activators -ADP, AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphos

(made by PFK-2 from Fru-6P)

1. Glc-6P -->Ribose 5P

2. Produce NADPH, for biosynthesis and keeping antioxidants active

3. Ribose 5p precusor for RNA/DNA

1. ADP

2. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B)

3. Reactive thiol group to

form thioester bond

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase RXN

(General)

1. Irreversible

2. Pyruvate, CoA, NAD⁺ in

3. NADH, Acetyl-CoA, CO₂ out

4. Cofactors

TPP, Lipoate, FAD (NAD⁺ CoA)

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase RXN

Step 1

1. Pyruvate transfers acetyl group to TPP thiazolium ring and

CO₂ is released

2. Irreversible

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase RXN

Step 2

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase RXN

Step 3

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase RXN

Step 4

Reduced Lipoic acid is oxidized by FAD, which becomes FADH₂

FADH₂ is oxidized by NAD⁺

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

 Regulation

(Neg feedback)

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

regulation

(Covalent modification)

1. PDC is activated when dephosphoralated by

PD phosphatase

(activated by Insulin)

2. Deactivated by PD kinase

PD kinase is activated by high Acetyl-CoA, NADH

inactivated by ADP Pyruvate

TCA

General

1. Acetyl CoA added in, uses 1 H₂O

2. Produces

2 CO₂

3 NADH

1 FADH₂

1 GTP/ATP

1. Step 1

2. Oxaloacetate + Acetly-CoA -->

Citrate

3. Large -ΔG, drives forward rxn

1. Step 2

2. Citrate --> Isocitrate

3. Remove then add a H2O

4. Reversible rxn

1. Step 3

2. Isocitrate --> α-ketogluterate

3. Make NADH CO₂

1. Step 4

2. α-ketogluterate--> Succinyl-CoA

3. Produce NADH and  CO2, back to 4C structure

4. Same mechanism as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

5. Large -ΔG

1. Step 5

2. Succinyl-CoA--> Succinate

3. Make GTP/ATP release CoA

4. Reversible, low ΔG due to fomration of GTP/ATP

1. Step 6

2. Succinate--> Fumarate

3. Produce FADH₂

4. aka. Complex II in e^- trans. chain

5. Reversible ΔG=0

Fumarse

1. Step 7

2. Fumarate--> Malate

3. Add H2O

4. Reversible small ΔG

5. Also done in cytosol

1. Step 7

2. Malate --> Oxaloacetate

3. Produce NADH

4. Large pos ΔG, rxn is dirven by low product concentration