Term
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Definition
| Bacteria Prokaryote Unicellular,Heterotrophic Medicinal Classified by shape Binary fission , antibiotics Ex: streptococcus |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryote Animal-like (protozoa) Plant-like (algae) Ex: amoeba |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryote Decomposer Lack chlorophyll Alternation of generations Often symbiotic with algae Ex: mushroom |
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Term
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Definition
Eukaryote Producer Photosynthesis Cell wall (cellulose)Vascular system, seeds Roots, stems, leaves Pollination(fertilization) Germination
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryote Consumer Cellular respiration Invertebrates Vertebrates Ex: Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports nutrients, fluids, gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Monerans are divided into Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria, anaerobic nature) and Eubacteria (true bacteria, aerobic nature). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks down food into essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls body functions through hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands which secrete hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Removes cellular wastes from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Bladder, kidneys, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects the body against invading organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protects the body by forming the body’s outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Moves the body with the help of the skeletal system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Supports the body internally |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| Coordinates sensory input with motor output |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain, spinal cord, sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides a means of producing offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Testes (male), ovaries and uterus (female) |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the exchange of gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
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Term
| DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS: |
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Definition
living organisms, microscopic
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Term
| Benefits of microorganisms: |
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Definition
| help us to digest food, encourage normal development of the immune system, fight off bad organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, which cause disease when our immune system can’t fight them |
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Term
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Definition
NOT considered living organisms
composed of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat -use living cells to replicate viral nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
infects a living cell when the virus injects its nucleic acid into the host cell; the viral nucleic acid replicates and makes more ; viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA
; virus becomes dormant; spontaneously enters lytic ycle and cell bursts may be years later |
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Term
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Definition
| animals, plants, and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
viruses do NOT respond to drug treatment
immunity must be acquired naturally or from vaccinations
THERE ARE NO CURES FOR VIRUSES!!! |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Physical Barriers |
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Definition
| skin, mucous membranes (linings of the mouth, nose, eyelids), airways, stomach acid, pancreatic enzymes, bile, intestinal secretions, urinary secretions |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Blood |
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Definition
| white blood cells that engulf and destroy invading microorganisms- |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Inflammation |
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Definition
| release or substances from damaged tissue isolates area to attack and kill invaders and dispose of dead and damaged tissue, |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Fever |
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Definition
| – body temperature increases to enhance defense considered higher then 100ºF.- |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Hygiene |
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Definition
| keeping a clean environment that limits exposure to infected bodily fluids, decomposing material, or infected people will prevent the spread of infection |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes - Antibiotics |
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Definition
| used to treat infectious BACTERIA or to prevent them; each antibiotic is specific to a certain bacteria |
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Term
| DEFENSES AGAINST microbes Immune Response |
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Definition
| immune system responds by producing substances that attack invaders (ex: killer T cells, phagocytes) and produces antibodies kill the invader ; |
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Term
| Immune system is present all over the body and tightly bound to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies will “remember” the infectious organism so it will kill it upon next exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| created by body’s natural physical barriers or in the form of antibodies passed from mother to child |
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Term
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Definition
| created by exposure to a specific microorganism, which is “remembered” by the body’s immune system |
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Term
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Definition
body’s ability to fight off certain organisms is stimulated or enhanced |
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Term
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Definition
| some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics because they have enzymes that can destroy the antibiotics or because of genetic mutation that allow them to grow despite the antibiotics |
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Term
| How can you prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance? |
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Definition
| avoid antibiotics unless they are clearly needed - do not take antibiotics without the advice of a doctor - take the full course of prescription- do not save antibiotics for later - do not demand antibiotics from the doctor |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms that have become resistant to antibiotics |
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Term
| BASIC STEPS FOR AN EXPERIMENT |
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Definition
| 1. Problem 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Data/Results 5. Conclusion |
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Term
| REPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTS: WHY? |
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Definition
| reliability of results - consistency valid supporting data |
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Term
| SOURCES OF ERROR IN EXPERIMENTS: |
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Definition
| Instrumental error - Personal error (inaccurate observations)- Sampling error (sample size too small or not random) - Replication error (lack of consistency and accuracy) - Experimental design- Measurement error (lack of accuracy and precision |
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Term
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Definition
| tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a manipulated variable in an experiment, what the experimenter changes |
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Term
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Definition
| the observed variable determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables. Normally what is measured. |
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Term
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Definition
a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment.
Group nothing is done to |
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Term
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Definition
| Has been tested numerous times and had scientific backing |
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Term
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Definition
| Know to be true. Laws of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that exists as a singular, independent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that exists as specialized groups of cells They are organized into tissues that perform the same function; tissues form organs and organs make up an organ system |
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Term
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Definition
| has nuclear material in the center of the cell, but is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane; no membrane-bound organelles; bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
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Term
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Definition
| each cell performs a specific function for each tissue or organ as cells become specialized they may contain organelles that are NOT common to all cells design and shape of a cell is dictated by its function and the conditions under which it works |
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Term
| What are rules of evidence to examine experimental results? |
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Definition
| Can the theory be tested, Has the theory been peer reviewed and publication? What is the known rate of error Were standards and controls applied and maintained? Has the theory been generally accepted in the scientific community |
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Term
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Definition
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| capture solar energy for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| package, distribute products |
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Term
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Definition
| digests excess products and food particles |
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Term
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Definition
transform energy through respiration
Powerhouse of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| contains DNA which controls cellular activities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
store substances
bigger in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform various functions |
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Term
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Definition
site of chemical reactions
- ROUGH: contains ribosomes
- SMOOTH: lipid production |
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Term
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Definition
| provides internal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| numerical values derived from counts variable |
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Term
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Definition
| described by words or terms rather than numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions ( body temperature, respiration, nutritional balance, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cell’s energy |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of substances across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| a carrier molecule embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance across the plasma membrane following the high-to-low concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| water moves out cell shrive. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water moves in; cell bursts |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles leave the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles are brought into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| movement across membrane that requires the use of the cell’s energy and carrier molecules; (against the concentration gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
| Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, but can recycled to other forms |
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Term
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Definition
| water is recycled through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, groundwater, aquifers, respiration, transpiration, excretion, decomposition |
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Term
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Definition
| producers take in nitrogen compounds in soil and pass to consumers that consume the producers; decomposers (bacteria) break down nitrogen compounds and release nitrogen gas to air or usable nitrogen so the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon is recycled through respiration, photosynthesis, fuel combustion, decomposition; carbon can be atmospheric or dissolved, or can be found in organic compounds within the body |
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Term
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Definition
Break down dead organisms
Bacteria & Fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Decomposer Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM |
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Definition
| Sunlight is the main energy source for living things. Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to organisms in one direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| place where an organism lives |
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Term
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Definition
group of organisms that can interbreed
and produce Fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| groups of interacting populations |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of interacting communities |
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Term
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Definition
| organism’s role within its habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic, neuromuscular action (ex: knee jerk) |
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Term
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Definition
| animal’s response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| instinct; influenced by genes |
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Term
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Definition
| changed by experience Ex: training a pet to respond to a specific name |
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Term
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Definition
| interactions between members of the same species Ex: mating and caring for offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms defend an area to keep out other organisms (ex: animal marking trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| structural adaptation that allows one species to resemble another species |
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Term
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Definition
| structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals from a population; leaving the population |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals into a population |
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Term
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Definition
| state of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep during parts of cold winter months |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation; “survival of the fittest” |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of life in an area |
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Term
| Adaptation (Behavioral or Physiological) |
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Definition
| evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring |
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Term
| Limiting Factors (Environmental) |
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Definition
| any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| any change or random error in a DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Path of energy from producer to consumer Each level is called a trophic level (trophic = energy) |
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Term
| Approximately ________ energy is transferred to next level ________used for personal metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected food chains Shows all possible feeding relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Representation of energy transfer 90% decline |
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Term
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Definition
each level represents amount level above needs to consume
each level represents number of organisms consumed by level above it |
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Term
| GENETIC ENGINEERING or biotechnology |
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Definition
| process of transferring a gene (DNA) from one organism to another Organisms with transferred gene now produce “recombined” genetic code ( called “recombinant DNA”) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
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Term
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Definition
| genes from one chromosome are exchanged with genes from another chromosome occurs regularly during meiosis and leads to greater genetic variation |
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Term
| independent assortment (random assortment) |
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Definition
| independent assortment (random assortment) The random distribution in the gametes of separate genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| during meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes don’t separate results in half the sex cells having an extra chromosome and the other half having one less chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 23rd pair of chromosomes; Males = XY; Females =XX |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited on X chromosome from mother (ex: colorblindness, baldness, hemophilia) Men are missing DNA so these disease occur more in males |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of more than two alleles for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| one trait controlled by many genes (ex: hair color, skin color |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygous offspring that both alleles are equally expressed (ex: black chicken + white chicken = checkered chickens) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genes for all the traits in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of an allele in a gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition in which allele frequencies in a population do not change from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative frequency of a particular genotype in the population |
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Term
| Factors affecting gene frequencies |
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Definition
| Migration - Mutation - Genetic drift - Systematic forces Migration - Mutation |
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Term
| LAWS OF PROBABILITY TO PREDICT INHERITANCE: |
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Definition
Punnett Squares provide way of finding expected proportions of possible genotypes and phenotypes
results based on chance |
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Term
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Definition
| change in genetic code passed from one cell to new cells |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a single gene Chromosome Mutation – change in many genes Can be spontaneous or caused by environmental mutagens (radiation, chemicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the physical characteristic of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| is the genetic make up of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| are the characteristics of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| are the different forms of the genes and usually come in pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| are factors located on a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| which are more likely to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| which are least likely to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
Same
homozygous dominant AA,
homozygous recessive. aa |
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Term
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Definition
| One dominant allele and one recessive allele, Aa |
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Term
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Definition
| states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization. |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed (Anaphase II in Meiosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of biology that studies grouping and naming of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| gave each organism two names, a genus and a species, Genus always capitalized, both should be underlined or italicized |
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Term
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Definition
| is a tool used to identify organisms by using pairs of contrasting characteristics basis of current classification |
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Term
| What characteristic are uses in current classification? |
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Definition
| phylogeny, DNA / biochemical analysis, embryology, morphology, |
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Term
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Definition
composed of a Phosphate group
Sugar and
Nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
two cell divisions
IPMATPMAT
sex cells(gametes)
Results in four cells Each cell w/ ½ # of single-stranded chromosomes (haploid cells) |
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Term
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Definition
longest part
Growth, metabolism, and preparation for division occur Duplicates chromosomes (DNA Replication) |
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Term
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Definition
Two cells made
(body cells)
Cells are diploid |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers appear division of nucleus of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in center of cell between spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicated chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each end of cell
spindle fibers disappear
chromosomes disperse |
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Term
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Definition
division of plasma membrane
two daughter cells result
(in plant cells a “cell plate” forms along the center of the cell and cuts the cell in half) |
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Term
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Definition
process of copying and dividing the cell
for grow, reproduction, epair |
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Term
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Definition
make other cells to repair and replace worn out cells three types:
binary fission (bacteria and fungi),
mitosis, and meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in the absence of oxygen
. Produces a small amount of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| uses oxygen release of energy from the breakdown of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
plant cells capture energy from the Sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates)
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) [image] C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| in organisms use sulfur or nitrogen as the main energy source |
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Term
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Definition
ATP stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it
removing a phosphate group (P) releases energy for chemical reactions to occur in the cell and ATP becomes ADP |
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Term
|
Definition
this process occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again; glucose is broken down; Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells)
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Term
| How have humans have disrupted the carbon cycle? |
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Definition
| by burning fossil fuels releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere Global Warming |
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Term
| How have humans have disrupted the water cycle? |
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Definition
| when pollutants have been released into the atmosphere, Ttese gases decrease the pH of the rainwater causing Acid rain |
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Term
| Why is the destruction of the ozone layer harmful to life on Earth? |
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Definition
| Destruction of the ozone layer results in increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface |
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Term
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Fossils |
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Definition
| the fossil record provides a series of changes that occurred over time |
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Term
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
DNA |
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Definition
| when gene sequences from organisms are arranged, species thought to be closely related are seen to be more similar than species thought to be distantly related |
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Term
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Embryology |
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Definition
| embryos of different vertebrates look alike in their early stages, giving the superficial appearance of a relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum number of individuals that the ecosystem is capable of supporting |
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Term
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Definition
| they may appear to be different, can actually be seen to have developed from the same original structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the “leftovers” of structures that were useful in ancestors, but serve no purpose today |
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Term
| Density-dependent Limiting Factors |
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Definition
| effects are factors that exert increasing pressure on a population as the population increases in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreasing food supply or disease • |
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Term
| Density-independent Limiting Factors |
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Definition
| effects are factors that affect the rate of population growth independent of the size of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell. (“substrate” = reactant) |
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Term
| Factors that affect enzymes |
|
Definition
| pH, temperature, and quantity |
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Term
|
Definition
| speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered |
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Term
|
Definition
Provide energy to cells
Build new cells
Aid in digestion
Break down complex molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double-stranded twisted helix
Never leaves the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
G=C A=T |
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|
Term
| What is the sugar in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA unravels and each strand makes a new exact copy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Leaves the nucleus to carry out functions in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
Ribonucleic acid Single-stranded
Leaves the nucleus
Sugar: ribose |
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Term
|
Definition
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
G=C A=U |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomal – rRNA Messenger – mRNA; Transfer – tRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
mRNA translated into a protein at the ribosomes
tRNA transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| mRNA is made from one strand of DNA, carries message to ribosomes |
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