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| when tests are used to relate the characteristics of a small group (sample) to those of a larger group (population) |
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-uses inferential statistics for obtaining knowledge
- requires both the development of a hypothesis and an inferential stats test |
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| statement of a presumed association b/t at least 2 variables in a population |
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| what hte researcher actually believes will occur |
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statement that there is no relationship b/t variables
-This is what you use in inferential stats |
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| what is assumed about the relationship b/t variables? |
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| that there is no relationship untill there is evidence to the contrary |
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| a statement that there is a relationship |
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| probability (alpha level) is established at? |
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A level that is considered significant
-this level is set at p<.05 to reject null hypothesis |
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that null hypothesis is rejected
- 95% of time same results are expected |
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| the probability of making an incorrect conclusion is the same as... |
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| to conclude there is a correlation or difference b/t two variables when there is not |
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| to conclude there is no relationship b/t variables when there is a true relationship |
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| x, presumed cause, manipulated, predictor, antecedent |
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| y, presumed effect, outcome, criterion, consequence |
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| determines if there is an association b/t two "nominally" scaled variables |
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| to examine the difference b/t two variables (w/ continuous interval or ratio type datea) |
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| t-tests for independent groups |
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| groups not related in any way |
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| t-tests: dependent test for paired group |
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| matched on some characteristics |
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| independent and dependent test for paired groups |
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analysis of variance
-parametric statistic for continuous interval or ratio type data
- used to determine if sig differences exist among means from 3 or more sets of data |
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compares variability among group means(b/t group) w/ the variability of scores w/in groups
= avg. var. b/t group / avg. var. w/in groups |
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| why not perform mult t-tests to determine diff b/t means? |
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alpha lever becomes inflated w/ mult t-tests on samples taken from same population
-greater chance of making type 1 error |
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| single t-test's findings are compared to... |
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| the probability of chance |
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| with multiple t-tests conducted on samples randomly drawn from the same population... |
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| the odds of finding the one deviant conclusion that would occur by chance alone increase |
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| ANOVA eliminates what and how? |
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What? familywise error rate
how? by making all possible comparisons among the means in a single test |
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| when mult t-tests are made on samples from same population what must happen to alpha level? |
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| the alpha level must be adjusted |
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-divide the single test alhpa level by the number of t-tests to be performed
Ex: for 5 t-tests to be made at p<.05 then .05/5 =.01. This doesn't reject Hypothesus because its not lower than p<.01 |
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t-test bases info on ____ groups only
ANOVA employs ___________ on all groups ______ |
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Definition
2.
-all information, simultaneously |
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| when a sig F-ratio is found than additional what must be performed? |
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| post hoc (after the fact) |
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| ANOVA (one-way) each participant has scores on two variables: |
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| -a factor (independent variable) and a dependent variable |
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| the factor(independent variable) divides individuals into.... |
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| two or more groups or levels |
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| dependent variable differentiats individuals on what? |
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| ANOVA (two-way) how many scores does participant have? |
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| 3 variables: two factors and a dependent variable |
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factor divides cases into....1
dependent variable defines cases on 2) |
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1) two or more levels
2) a quantitative dimension |
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| higher way ANOVA's have more than two factors in design: |
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1) each participant must have scores on at least 4 variables (3 or more factors and a dependent variable)
2) F-tests are performed on multiple effects |
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