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ES2020 Exam 1
Terms and Concepts
16
Mathematics
Undergraduate 4
09/23/2009

Additional Mathematics Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
List and describe the two categories that standards can be classified in to.
Definition
1)Norm-referenced - evaluation decision based on comparisons to others (gender, age, class, etc..)
2)Criterion-referenced - comparison to standard such as pass/fail
Term
List and describe the two types of data that you can have.
Definition
1) Continuous - all values are theoretically possible
2) Discrete - one value, one point; nonchanging.
Term
List and describe the four scales of measurement.
Definition
1)Nominal - name only (categorical) (Gender race, affiliation, Class) "Yes or No" "Oprah or Sports Center"
2)Ordinal - ranking; order of finish. (ranking on test - highest, 2nd, 3rd, etc...)(tallest, second tallest, 3rd tallest, etc..)
3)Interval - common unit of measurement (1 unit = 1 unit no matter where on the scale) - no true 0. Generally a measure of 0 implies that nothing measured or there was no change.
4)Ratio - common unit of measurement - has true 0
Term
We generally do not calculate statistics on _______ data, although it is done sometimes. Used only to group individuals or to count the number of occurrences.
Definition
nominal
Term
What is the problem with ordinal data?
Definition
Order does not tell the whole story.
Term
What is the central tendency?
Definition
The summary number around which all other scores tend to cluster
Term
List and describe what the three measures of central tendency are.
Definition
1) Mean - the average
2) Median - the middle most score
3) Mode - score which appears most often
Term
What is variability?
Definition
the spread of the scores
Term
List and describe what the three measures of variability are.
Definition
1)Range - (highest values - lowest value) - doesn't consider everything in between
2)Variance - (∑(x-mean)^2) / (N - 1)
3)Standard Deviation - a measure of the spread of a set of values from the mean value. (sqrt(∑(x-mean)^2)) / (N - 1)
Term
What is the Z score? Equation?
Definition
The number of standard deviation units that a person is above or below the mean.
Equation: (x - mean) / (standard deviation) where x = raw score
Term
What is correlation?
Definition
Addresses the strength of relationship between two variables (example: height and weight)
"0" = no relationship
"+1) = perfect + correlation
"-1" = perfect - correlation
Term
Correlation does not tell _________. For instance, just because you gain weight doesn't mean you get taller.
Definition
causality
Term
What is the coefficient of determination (r^2)?
Definition
The amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another
y=mx+b
Term
What is the standard error of the estimate?
Definition
Determines if your predicted equation is worth anything. Just like a standard deviation. The smaller the error, the better the equation is.
Term
What is the best way to measure central tendency?
Definition
The mean
Term
For the 68-95-99.7 rule, how many standard deviations are each from the mean?
Definition
68% = within 1 standard deviation
95% = within 2 standard deviations
99.7% = within 3 standard deviations
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