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ESPM C148 - Pesticide Toxicology
Rote memorization for pesticide toxicology and history
33
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
05/01/2012

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

30.1 A

 

EPSP Synthase and Glyphosate or Roundup

Effects?

 

Inhibits the _____________ pathway.

Affects ___________ (plants / animals / microorganisms?)

 

Definition

Inhibits EPSP Synthase

an essential enzyme of the shikimate pathway for aromatic armino acid biosythesis in plants and microorganisms (but NOT animals)

 

Inhibits the _____________ pathway. shikimate

Affects ___________ (plants / animals / microorganisms?)

Term
Glyphosate chemical structure
Definition
[image]
Term

30.1 B

How much money does Glyphosate gross a year?

Definition
5 Billion/yr, most grossing herbicide
Term

30.1 B4

Glyphosate herbicidal properties

Definition

solid

low water solubility

used as a salt

extensive use in no-till or min-till farming

- very broad spectrum and non-selective as postemergence

- absorbed thru foliage and other photosynthetically active portions of plants (poorly absorbed thru roots)

Term

30.1 B4

 

Glyphosate toxicological problems

 

Glyphosate is __________. (persistent/not persistent).

 

Glyphosate presents _________ problems (what kind of toxicological issue?)

Definition

absorbed in soil so little leaching and poorly effective applied to soil

no significant photodecomposition or volatilization

 

Glyphosate is __________. (persistent/not persistent).

 

Glyphosate presents _________ problems (what kind of toxicological issue?) only mild skin irritant, no other problems

Term

30.1 C

 

How is roundup ready crop safe?

 

Overproduction of _________ and _________ in Roundup Ready crops.

Definition

"Roundup Ready" (corn, soybean, cotton)

crop safety by overproduction of EPSP and GOX (glyphosate oxidase), insensitive to glyphosate

also engineered w/ BT gene for resistance to lepidopteran insects

 

 

Term

30.2 A

 

Action of glutamine synthase (how is ammonia detoxified?

Definition

adds ammonia to glutamate to make glutamine

 

Term

30.3 ABCD

 

Tribufos

 

What is it?

 

How does it act?

Definition

What is it? Defoliant



Acts by injuring leaf --> produce hormone levels --> induce early abscission layer

Term

30.3 ABCD

 

Concern with using tribufos?

Definition
has delayed neurotoxic effect in hens, suggests effect in man
Term

30.4 

 

What are other organophosphate herbicides?

Definition

bensulide or betasan


krenite

Term

31.A Funal Diseases

 

Infectious plant diseases are ___ due to fungi. (percentage)

You can have _____ different types of fungi on one plant. (# range)

Definition


Infectious plant diseases are ___ due to fungi. (percentage) 75%

You can have _____ different types of fungi on one plant. (# range) 10-15

Term

31.A

 

Examples of fungal diseases on plants

Definition

rots

wilts

blights

rusts

smuts

mildews

Term

31.A

 

How are fungis classified?

What are the 3 classifications?

Definition

classified according to lifestyle

airborne

seedborne

soilborne

Term

31.B

 

Fungi control

 

Selectivity is _____ to control. (difficult / easy)

Reproduction cycle is _____. (slow / fast)

Mycelium has ________ regeneration property. (limited / unlimited)

Resistance is _____ (low / high).

Most difficult to control are the ones ____ (above / below ground).

Definition


Selectivity is _____ to control. (difficult / easy)

Reproduction cycle is _____. (slow / fast)

Mycelium has ________ regeneration property. (limited / unlimited)

Resistance is _____ (low / high).

Most difficult to control are the ones ____ (above / below ground) or systemic within plant.

Term

31.C

 

What was used to control fungi?

 

Fungicide percentage of market of herbicides? 

 

Worldwide fungicide %

US fungicide %

Definition

copper, sulfur, mercury

retards growth of sensitive plants

mercury now banned

 

Fungicide percentage of market of herbicides? less important in US than other parts of world


Worldwide fungicide %20

US fungicide %8

Term

31.C

 

To kill or halt fungi development, fungicides usually ________ spore gemination or _______________.

Definition
To kill or halt fungi development, fungicides usually ________ spore germination or _______________. (prevent, kill the spore right after germination)
Term

31.D

 

Which fungi enter plants readily?

 

Penetration often involves ____ between aqueous and lipid phases.

 

Transport thru cell or syncytium by ___________.

Definition

negatively charged

non-cationic fungicides

spores have hard time penetrating

 

Penetration often involves ____ between aqueous and lipid phases. partitioning


Transport thru cell or syncytium by ___________. protoplasmic streaming.

Term

31.E

 

different types of fungicides, how are each used

Definition

chemotherapeutants apply before symptoms appear

protectants apply before pathogens come

eradicants apply to pathogen, long before disease and symptoms

seed treatments particularly for grain crops

systemics absorbed and translocated to growing points so full protection

Term

31.E

 

define apoplastic, symplastic, and acropetal

Definition

apoplastic is moving UP

symplastic is moving DOWN

acropetal is moving to tip or margin of the same leaf

Term

31.E

 

Advantages and disadvantages to using systemics

Definition

GOOD: eradicant properties, stop progression of existing infections, therapeutic, reduce environmental contamination

 

BAD: resistance/cross resistance (single gene mutation gives resistance)

Term

32.A Multivalent or Multiple Targets.

 

Most multivalent targets are ____.

 

Resistance is ____. (low / high)

 

Early fungicides are _____ (cheap / expensive), _____ (un / reliable)

Definition

Most multivalent targets are ____. thiol reactive inhibiting enzyme sulfhydryl (SH) groups

 

Resistance is ____. (low / high) because of difficult in selecting against multiple targets.

 

Early fungicides are _____ (cheap / expensive), _____ (un / reliable)

Term

32.B 

 

Mode of action of dithiocarbamates?

What reverses effects?

Definition
by reaction with and inactivation of cellular --SH enzymes, proteins, amino acids (cysteine reverses effects)
Term

32B.

 

First organic fungicides?

Definition

thiram

zineb

despite nonsystemic action they are still very major fungicides

Term

32B

 

Examples of dithiocarbamates

Definition

isothiocyanate

ethylenebisdithiocarbamtes (EBDCs)

thiram

maneb

 

Term

32B

 

What are control problems for use of dithiocarbamates?

Definition
all problems except where systemic action is required
Term

32B

 

Restriction of use of dithiocarbamates?

Definition
EPA restricted bc of mutagenic, teratogenic, and contributor to Parkinson's disease
Term

32B

 

Diethylamine analog of thiram is used medicinally to treat ____.

Definition
Diethylamine analog of thiram is used medicinally to treat ____. alcoholics by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase
Term

32C

 

Mode of action of phthalimides

Definition

nonspecific at -SH and -SR groups, inhibits enzymes

 

interferes with mitosis

Term

32C

 

How are phthalimides used?

Definition

as a protective fungicide

foliage dusts and srpays

 

Term

32C

 

Health hazards of phthalimides?

Definition

mutagens, possible carcinogens

 

teratogenesis (related to thalidomides by structure but does not give the same type of teratogenesis)

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