Term
30.1 A
EPSP Synthase and Glyphosate or Roundup
Effects?
Inhibits the _____________ pathway.
Affects ___________ (plants / animals / microorganisms?)
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Definition
Inhibits EPSP Synthase
an essential enzyme of the shikimate pathway for aromatic armino acid biosythesis in plants and microorganisms (but NOT animals)
Inhibits the _____________ pathway. shikimate
Affects ___________ (plants / animals / microorganisms?) |
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Term
Glyphosate chemical structure |
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Definition
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Term
30.1 B
How much money does Glyphosate gross a year? |
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Definition
5 Billion/yr, most grossing herbicide |
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Term
30.1 B4
Glyphosate herbicidal properties |
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Definition
solid
low water solubility
used as a salt
extensive use in no-till or min-till farming
- very broad spectrum and non-selective as postemergence
- absorbed thru foliage and other photosynthetically active portions of plants (poorly absorbed thru roots) |
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Term
30.1 B4
Glyphosate toxicological problems
Glyphosate is __________. (persistent/not persistent).
Glyphosate presents _________ problems (what kind of toxicological issue?) |
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Definition
absorbed in soil so little leaching and poorly effective applied to soil
no significant photodecomposition or volatilization
Glyphosate is __________. (persistent/not persistent).
Glyphosate presents _________ problems (what kind of toxicological issue?) only mild skin irritant, no other problems |
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Term
30.1 C
How is roundup ready crop safe?
Overproduction of _________ and _________ in Roundup Ready crops. |
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Definition
"Roundup Ready" (corn, soybean, cotton)
crop safety by overproduction of EPSP and GOX (glyphosate oxidase), insensitive to glyphosate
also engineered w/ BT gene for resistance to lepidopteran insects
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Term
30.2 A
Action of glutamine synthase (how is ammonia detoxified? |
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Definition
adds ammonia to glutamate to make glutamine
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Term
30.3 ABCD
Tribufos
What is it?
How does it act? |
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Definition
What is it? Defoliant
Acts by injuring leaf --> produce hormone levels --> induce early abscission layer
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Term
30.3 ABCD
Concern with using tribufos? |
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Definition
has delayed neurotoxic effect in hens, suggests effect in man |
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Term
30.4
What are other organophosphate herbicides? |
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Definition
bensulide or betasan
krenite |
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Term
31.A Funal Diseases
Infectious plant diseases are ___ due to fungi. (percentage)
You can have _____ different types of fungi on one plant. (# range) |
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Definition
Infectious plant diseases are ___ due to fungi. (percentage) 75%
You can have _____ different types of fungi on one plant. (# range) 10-15 |
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Term
31.A
Examples of fungal diseases on plants |
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Definition
rots
wilts
blights
rusts
smuts
mildews |
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Term
31.A
How are fungis classified?
What are the 3 classifications? |
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Definition
classified according to lifestyle
airborne
seedborne
soilborne |
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Term
31.B
Fungi control
Selectivity is _____ to control. (difficult / easy)
Reproduction cycle is _____. (slow / fast)
Mycelium has ________ regeneration property. (limited / unlimited)
Resistance is _____ (low / high).
Most difficult to control are the ones ____ (above / below ground). |
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Definition
Selectivity is _____ to control. (difficult / easy)
Reproduction cycle is _____. (slow / fast)
Mycelium has ________ regeneration property. (limited / unlimited)
Resistance is _____ (low / high).
Most difficult to control are the ones ____ (above / below ground) or systemic within plant. |
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Term
31.C
What was used to control fungi?
Fungicide percentage of market of herbicides?
Worldwide fungicide %
US fungicide % |
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Definition
copper, sulfur, mercury
retards growth of sensitive plants
mercury now banned
Fungicide percentage of market of herbicides? less important in US than other parts of world
Worldwide fungicide %20
US fungicide %8 |
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Term
31.C
To kill or halt fungi development, fungicides usually ________ spore gemination or _______________. |
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Definition
To kill or halt fungi development, fungicides usually ________ spore germination or _______________. (prevent, kill the spore right after germination) |
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Term
31.D
Which fungi enter plants readily?
Penetration often involves ____ between aqueous and lipid phases.
Transport thru cell or syncytium by ___________. |
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Definition
negatively charged
non-cationic fungicides
spores have hard time penetrating
Penetration often involves ____ between aqueous and lipid phases. partitioning
Transport thru cell or syncytium by ___________. protoplasmic streaming. |
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Term
31.E
different types of fungicides, how are each used |
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Definition
chemotherapeutants apply before symptoms appear
protectants apply before pathogens come
eradicants apply to pathogen, long before disease and symptoms
seed treatments particularly for grain crops
systemics absorbed and translocated to growing points so full protection |
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Term
31.E
define apoplastic, symplastic, and acropetal |
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Definition
apoplastic is moving UP
symplastic is moving DOWN
acropetal is moving to tip or margin of the same leaf |
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Term
31.E
Advantages and disadvantages to using systemics |
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Definition
GOOD: eradicant properties, stop progression of existing infections, therapeutic, reduce environmental contamination
BAD: resistance/cross resistance (single gene mutation gives resistance) |
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Term
32.A Multivalent or Multiple Targets.
Most multivalent targets are ____.
Resistance is ____. (low / high)
Early fungicides are _____ (cheap / expensive), _____ (un / reliable) |
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Definition
Most multivalent targets are ____. thiol reactive inhibiting enzyme sulfhydryl (SH) groups
Resistance is ____. (low / high) because of difficult in selecting against multiple targets.
Early fungicides are _____ (cheap / expensive), _____ (un / reliable) |
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Term
32.B
Mode of action of dithiocarbamates?
What reverses effects? |
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Definition
by reaction with and inactivation of cellular --SH enzymes, proteins, amino acids (cysteine reverses effects) |
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Term
32B.
First organic fungicides? |
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Definition
thiram
zineb
despite nonsystemic action they are still very major fungicides |
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Term
32B
Examples of dithiocarbamates |
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Definition
isothiocyanate
ethylenebisdithiocarbamtes (EBDCs)
thiram
maneb
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Term
32B
What are control problems for use of dithiocarbamates? |
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Definition
all problems except where systemic action is required |
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Term
32B
Restriction of use of dithiocarbamates? |
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Definition
EPA restricted bc of mutagenic, teratogenic, and contributor to Parkinson's disease |
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Term
32B
Diethylamine analog of thiram is used medicinally to treat ____. |
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Definition
Diethylamine analog of thiram is used medicinally to treat ____. alcoholics by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase |
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Term
32C
Mode of action of phthalimides |
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Definition
nonspecific at -SH and -SR groups, inhibits enzymes
interferes with mitosis |
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Term
32C
How are phthalimides used? |
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Definition
as a protective fungicide
foliage dusts and srpays
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Term
32C
Health hazards of phthalimides? |
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Definition
mutagens, possible carcinogens
teratogenesis (related to thalidomides by structure but does not give the same type of teratogenesis) |
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