Term
| Besides frost wedging which of the following are examples of mechanical weathering? |
|
Definition
| Biotubation, spalling of boulders from range fires (only answers a and b) |
|
|
Term
| H+ ions utilized in hydrolysis weathering reactions come from___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over time angular joints will____due to surface weathering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frost wedging occurs in rock because: |
|
Definition
| water expands when it freezes to from ice |
|
|
Term
| Joints facilitate weathering because____. |
|
Definition
| Permit water and other chemical agents to penetrate below the surface & Provide more surface area for the weathering front to attack |
|
|
Term
| Why did the depth of rilling increase on the limestone boulders deposited on the three glacial moraines? |
|
Definition
| The lower moraine was older and subjected to longer weathering. |
|
|
Term
| limestone will tend to precipitate in sea water when___. |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide content increases & is agitated by wave action. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following transport agents generally results in cross beds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joints facilitate weathering because____. |
|
Definition
| permit water and other chemical agents to penetrate below the surface & provide more surface area for the weathering front to attack |
|
|
Term
| which of the following depositional events generally results in graded beds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic property would you use to determine that the cementing agent within sandstone is Fe2O3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chert generally precipitates in deep ocean water because______. |
|
Definition
| silica is less soluble in cold water |
|
|
Term
| Rivers erosion tends to be greatest______fold structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation of calcite around sand grains oscillated by waves. |
|
|
Term
| a sedimentary rock unit with graded beds that fine towards the top would indicate_______. |
|
Definition
| that the rock unit has not been deformed (remains right side up) |
|
|
Term
| if a fault offset a layer of volcanic ash that is 15,000 years old and the fault was buried by a landslide deposit that is radiocarbon dated at 12,000 years old one can infer that the faulting event_____. |
|
Definition
| occurred prior to 12,000 years ago & occured after 15,000 years ago (both b and c are correct) |
|
|
Term
| according to the principle of inclusions the closest age for the formation of a conglomerate rock______. |
|
Definition
| would be the youngest clast (pebble) age comprising the conglomerate |
|
|
Term
| How might you recognize in the field that a disconformity exists between two sequences of rock? |
|
Definition
| you would find non-metamorphosed sedimentary rock in direct contact with an igneous pluton |
|
|
Term
| the zig zag pattern of rock units that can be observed while flying over pennsylvania is due to__________. |
|
Definition
| erosion of plunging (tilted) anticlines and synclines |
|
|
Term
| which of the following transport agents generally results in oscillation (symmetric ripples)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, if a fault is found cutting across sedimentary strata, the reasonable conclusion would be that: |
|
Definition
| the fault is younger than the strata |
|
|
Term
| a minimum of______seismic stations is necessary to determine the focus of an earthquake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if an earthquake occurs, the_______waves are the second waves to arrive at a seismic station. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topset beds of a delta________. |
|
Definition
| are graded to the elevation of the lake or sea level. |
|
|
Term
| in order to relieve stress buildup that would cause a magnitude 7 earthquake, approximately how many magnitude 5 earthquakes would have to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high temperature is conductive to_________deformation in rock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which plate boundaries tend to have the deepest focused earthquakes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effusive eruptions on Iceland_______. |
|
Definition
| are composed of basaltic composition lava. |
|
|
Term
| the___________is exposed in the center of an eroding anticline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a reverse fault_________. |
|
Definition
| may have repeating strata exposed in a vertical cross-section & may result in older rock units overlying younger units overlying younger units in a vertical cross-section (only answers a and b) |
|
|
Term
| ______________is an example of elastic deformation. |
|
Definition
| filling and emptying a reservoir & isostatic unloading of the earths lithosphere following deglaciation (b & c are correct) |
|
|
Term
| which metamorphic rock has been subject to the highest grade of heat and pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is quartz the most common mineral found in beach sand around Puget Sound? |
|
Definition
| quartz is lighter than all the other materials and can be washed futehr by waves. |
|
|
Term
| how did geologists determine the exact day of offset on the cascadia subduction one in 1700 AD? |
|
Definition
| they had accurate tsunami logs from japan that recorded the event |
|
|
Term
| as the northern great lakes isostratically rebound________? |
|
Definition
| their waters will eventually drain south through the Mississippi River system. |
|
|
Term
| Clastic sedimentary rocks are subdivided_______. |
|
Definition
| based on grain size of the constituent clasts |
|
|
Term
| who was one of the only survivors of the St. Pierre Nuee Ardente? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens was______previous large eruptions in the holocene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lahars generated from Mt. Rainier have_______. |
|
Definition
| flowed as far as tacoma within the last 5000 years |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between relative and numerical dating? |
|
Definition
| relative dating uses stratigraphic principles and the fossil record to put deposits and events in order, numerical dating uses isotopic decay to determine the age. |
|
|
Term
| In metamorphic rocks with foliation, the texture develops as a result of: |
|
Definition
| the alignment of platy (flat) minerals perpendicular to the maximum pressure on the body of rock. |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic criteria did you use to identify sedimentary conglomerate: |
|
Definition
| large rounded clasts within the rock matrix |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following conditions on a slope will increase the likelihood of landslides? |
|
Definition
| increasing the slope angle, saturating the soil, increasing the weight on the slope, removing the vegetation on the slope (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| which test could conclusively tell you that marble and limestone are both composed from the mineral calcite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monocline folds result from______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pillow basalts form when basalt is______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can a geologist determine the source volcano of a dated ash layer in several local lake cores? |
|
Definition
| the ash layer will thicken in the lake cores closest to the source volcano, the grain size within the ash layer will increase in the lake cores closest to the source volcano (answers a and b) |
|
|
Term
| radiocarbon dating is most useful_____. |
|
Definition
| for dating organic matter less than 50,000 years old |
|
|
Term
| where is radiocarbon first produced on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a volcanic neck is formed______and the surrounding rock erodes away. |
|
Definition
| when a magma body solidifies within the vent of a volcano |
|
|
Term
| a high strain rate is conductive to_____deformation or rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the national earthquake hazard map, the puget sound region is a______risk region of the nation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The_____is exposed in the center of an eroding anticline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may have repeatedly strata exposed in a vertical cross-section, may result in older rock units overlying younger units in a vertical cross-section (only a & B) |
|
|
Term
| ____is an example of elastic deformation |
|
Definition
| filling and emptying a reservoir, isostatic unloading of the earths lithosphere following deglaciation (answers b and c) |
|
|
Term
| Which metamorphic rock has been subject to the lowest grade of heat and pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of faults bound mountains and valleys of the basin and range province in nevada and utah? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of stress would you expect to cause normal faulting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what kind of plate margin would you expect to find at a normal fault? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hypothesis did we discuss to explain basin and range tectonics. |
|
Definition
| the spreading ridge was subducted under california and is now positioned under nevada and utah |
|
|
Term
| overturned fold may evolve into_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stress rate______the strain rate for elastic deformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do earthquakes occur in the pacific northwest? |
|
Definition
| Near the surface within the North american plate, deep within the juan de fuca plate, at the cascadia subduction zone (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| The recurrence interval of large cascadia subduction zone earthquakes is_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the northern great lakes isostatically rebound |
|
Definition
| drain south into Mississippi river |
|
|
Term
| An overturned fold will often evolve into a_____with continued compressive stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Tabular intrusive body that is oriented parallel to the existing sedimentary strata______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In metamorphic rocks with foliation, the texture develops as a result of: |
|
Definition
| the alignment of platy (flat) minerals perpendicular to the maximum pressure on the body of rock |
|
|
Term
| what diagnostic criteria did you use to identify sedimentary breccia? |
|
Definition
| large angular clasts within the rock matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potters clay doesnt have shrink and expand properties --> kaylalvite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he used the other overhead b/c it was covered in writing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best student = eager beaver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main middle screen was up --> we used an overhead out of the floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral group accounts for most of our extractable iron ore deposits in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joints facilitate weathering because ________. |
|
Definition
| permit water and other chemical agents to penetrate below the surface, provide more surface area for the weathering front to attack (b & c) |
|
|
Term
| Why is olivine the dominant mineral in most beach sands? |
|
Definition
| olivine is not the dominant mineral in beach sands |
|
|
Term
| Which rock type will tend to produce sink holes in Florida from solution weathering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frost wedging would be most prominent in: |
|
Definition
| sub-polar latitudes where temperature fluctuate around the freezing temperature during certain seasons. |
|
|
Term
| Which soil horizon contains the highest organic content? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spheroidal weathering occurs because: |
|
Definition
rounding occurs because the edges and corners of the rock surface offer more points of attack to chemical
weathering processes than its planar surface |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following transport agents generally results in current (asymmetric) ripples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do geochronologists not use the ratio of 14C/14N to determine the age of organic matter? |
|
Definition
| Most of the 14N found in organic matter is naturally occurring and not the result of 14C decay. |
|
|
Term
If a horizontal layer of volcanic tephra lies between two horizontal sedimentary strata, the principle by
which the relative ages of each of these layers could be determined is: |
|
Definition
| the principle of superposition |
|
|
Term
| According to the principle of inclusions: |
|
Definition
| a xenolith will be older than the plutonic body in which it is emplaced, clasts within a conglomerate will be older than the rock itself (a & c) |
|
|
Term
According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, if a fault is found cutting across sedimentary
strata, the reasonable conclusion would be that: |
|
Definition
| the fault is younger than the strata |
|
|
Term
| The half-life of a radioactive isotope refers to: |
|
Definition
| the time it takes for half of the existing parent isotopes to decay to daughter isotopes |
|
|
Term
| A nonfoliated metamorphic rock would likely form _________. |
|
Definition
| from contact of pre-existing country rock with an igneous pluton |
|
|
Term
In order to relieve stress buildup that would cause a Richter magnitude 6 earthquake, approximately
how many magnitude 5 earthquakes would have to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An eroding anticline (upwarped fold) will have the __________ rocks exposed along its axis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reverse fault _______________. |
|
Definition
| can have repeating strata exposed in a vertical cross-section, can result in older rock units overlying younger units in a vertical cross-section, results primarily from compressive stresses. (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| ________________ is an example of elastic deformation. |
|
Definition
| subsidence related to the filling of a reservoir, isostatic unloading of the earth's lithosphere following deglaciation (b & c) |
|
|
Term
| What type of faulting would you expect to dominate the Canadian Rockies or Appalachian Mountains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ is an example of elastic deformation. |
|
Definition
| isostatic unloading of the earth's lithosphere following deglaciation |
|
|
Term
| In the geologic time lab we studied _______ fossil assemblages that we used as biostratigraphic indicators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In metamorphic rocks with foliation, the texture develops as a result of: |
|
Definition
| the alignment of platy (flat) minerals perpendicular to the maximum pressure on the body of rock. |
|
|
Term
| In the sedimentary rock lab which chemical precipitate did we not observe in the laboratory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In laboratory you used the first arrival time of P-waves to determine the distance between a seismic
station and the focus of the Nisqually earthquake. What is the most likely reason that the three arcs not
intersect at location one point, assuming your measurements were accurate? |
|
Definition
| the Nisqually earthquake focus was 50 km below the surface and the arcs would not intersect at the surface. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following types of weathering reduce the size of rocks without changing their chemical makeup except: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is chemical weathering most dominant: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A_______facing slope in the Puget Lowland would tend to have the strongest soil development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A_______facing slope in Phoenix, Arizona would tend to have the strongest soil development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the A horizon of soil______. |
|
Definition
| is the zone of removal, tends to be darker in color than the underlying horizons, contains humus (decomposed organic matter) (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| As soil age increases________. |
|
Definition
| the horizon profile becomes thicker, clay content in the B horizon increases, the soil becomes redder (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| The greatest risk from Mt. Rainier is from_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| frost wedging would be most prominent in: |
|
Definition
| mid-latitude regions where temperature fluctuate around the freezing temperature during certain seasons |
|
|
Term
| the single most important factor controlling chemical weathering processes is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dissolution of limestone to form caves results from water combining with: |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
| symmetric ripple form from_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spheroidal weathering occurs because: |
|
Definition
| rounding occurs because the edges and corners of the rock surface offer more points of attack to chemical weathering processes than its planar surface |
|
|
Term
| which of the following transport agents generally results in the most poorly sorted sediment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following statements about graded bedding is true? |
|
Definition
| graded bedding occurs because heavier particles tend to settle out of water faster than lighter particles, graded bedding might occur where a submarine landslide deposits sediment along the continental slope (a & c) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following statements about the process of cementation is not true? |
|
Definition
| fine-grained sediments (silt & clay) are more likely to be cemented together than coarse grained sediments (sand and graveis) |
|
|
Term
| clastic sedimentary rocks are composed predominately of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you saw a sequence of sedimentary strata exposed in the wall of the Grand Canyon that had conglomerate at the base, overlain by sandstone, shale and then limestone, you might infer that relative sea level was_______over geologic time: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main difference between a breccia and a conglomerate is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the principle of uniformitarianism, all of the following are true except: |
|
Definition
| the rate at which geological processes occur has always remained constant throughout geologic time |
|
|
Term
| if a horizontal layer of volcanic tephra lies between two horizontal, sedimentary strata, the principle by which the relative ages of each of these layers could be determined is |
|
Definition
| the principle of superposition |
|
|
Term
| according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, if a fault is found cutting across sedimentary strata, the reasonable conclusion would be that: |
|
Definition
| the fault is younger than the strata |
|
|
Term
| according to the principle of faunal succession |
|
Definition
| very old rocks would contain fossils of only complex organisms, while younger rocks would contain fossils of both simple and complex organisms |
|
|
Term
| if you know the number of existing parent and daughter atoms (assuming the number of initial daughter atoms is zero) in a mineral, you can determine: |
|
Definition
| the number of initial parent atoms |
|
|
Term
| the half life of a radioactive isotope refers to: |
|
Definition
| the time it takes for half of the existing parent isotopes to decay to daughter isotopes |
|
|
Term
| the direction of stress resulting in a monocline is______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a shield volcano is formed of alternating layers of_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic material less than 60,000 years old |
|
|
Term
| if an earthquake occurs, the_____waves are the first to arrive at the seismic station. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earthquakes measuring 3 and 5 on the richter scale differ in energy released by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to relieve stress buildup that would cause a richter magnitude 7 earthquake, approximately how many magnitude 4 earthquakes would have to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a low strain rate is conducive to_______deformation in rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can have repeating strata exposed in a vertical cross-section, can result in older rock units overlying younger units in a vertical cross section, results primarily from compressive stresses (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| an eroding anticline(upward fold) will have the_______rocks exposed along its axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________is an example of elastic deformation |
|
Definition
| isostatic unloading of the earths lithosphere following deglaciation |
|
|
Term
| the salinity of the ocean method underestimates the age of the earth because_________ |
|
Definition
| oceans are younger than the earth itself, runoff and salinity input into the oceans has been variable over geologic time, much of the oceans salt is precipitated and does not impact the current oceans salinity |
|
|
Term
| Why did lord Kelvin underestimate the age of the earth using the earths heat loss over time |
|
Definition
| lord kelvin didnt know about natural radioactive decay and did not compensate for that heat source |
|
|
Term
| Why is East Africa so high? |
|
Definition
| upwelling of the asthenosphere is heating the base of the rifting continent at this location |
|
|
Term
| where do we find goethite and hematite together in a soil? |
|
Definition
| where the water table fluctuates near the surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common mineral in igneous rocks near the surface of earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
